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Genetics > Glossary- 17- (Evolution) > Flashcards

Glossary- 17- (Evolution) Flashcards

1
Q

Gametophyte

A

The haploid phase of the life history. Produces the male and female gametes.

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2
Q

Heteromorphic

A

Refers to algal or plant life histories in which the haploid gametophytic and diploid sporophytic phases are different (often very different) in size and structure.

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3
Q

Phragmoplast

A

The mitotic process in higher-plant organisms in which the nuclear envelope is non-persistent during division, and the mitotic spindle remains intact, keeping the daughter nuclei relatively far apart during cell-plate formation.

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4
Q

Phycoplast

A

The mitotic process in algal organisms in which the nuclear envelope is persistent throughout division, and the collapse of the mitotic spindle results in the close proximity of the daughter nuclei during cell-plate formation.

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5
Q

Sporophyte

A

The diploid phase of the life history. Meiosis takes place here within sporangia to produce haploid spores in plants that have an alternation of generations

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6
Q

Tracheids

A

The water-conducting cells of plants, secondarily thickened and dead when functioning. They link up to form conducting channels in the vascular cylinder.

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7
Q

Vascular System

A

The water- and food-conducting tissues; consists of xylem and phloem

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8
Q

Xylem

A

Water-conducting tissue consisting of tracheids and associated strengthening cells (fibres) and parenchyma

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9
Q

Caenozoic Era

A

The time of flowering plant dominance. From 65 million years ago to the present day.

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10
Q

Gondwana

A

An ancient land mass that comprised the continents of Australia, Antarctica, India, South America and Africa.
It began to break up during the Cretaceous and the southern conti8nents gradually moved in their current positions

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11
Q

Heterosporous

A

A plant that produces two types of meiotic spore. The smaller microspore gives rise to the “male-” or microgametophyte that produces sperm; the larger megaspore gives rise to the “female-” or megagametophyte that produces the egg cell.

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12
Q

Homosporous

A

A plant that produces only one type of meiotic spore. The spores germinating to produce only one type of gametophytes on which antheridia and archegonia are produced.

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13
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

Time of cycad and conifer dominance (and dinosaurs). 250-65 million years ago.

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14
Q

Carpel

A

A “female” part of a flower. It consists of a stigma (pollen receptive area) that is elevated on a style above the ovary (which contains ovules)

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15
Q

Endosperm

A

Triploid tissue resulting from the fusion of a sperm cell with the two polar nuclei of the megagametophyte. It is the food reserve for the developing embryo.

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

The fusion of sperm and egg (or polar )cells

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17
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from anthers to the stigma

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18
Q

Stamen

A

A “male” part of a flower. It consists of an anther (pollen sac) borne on a sterile filament (stalk)

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19
Q

Germ layer

A

Layer of cells in embryo that develops into body features

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20
Q

Diploblastic

A

Two germ layers

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21
Q

Triploblastic

A

Three germ layers

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22
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity within the mesoderm

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23
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening in the blastula during initial cell development

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24
Q

Protostome

A

Blastopore become mouth, anus either forms later or at same time as mouth

25
Q

Deuterostome

A

Blastopore becomes anus, mouth develops later

26
Q

Segmented

A

True segmentation is serial repetition of functional units in a body plan. Mesoderm and ectoderm are divided into segments; the endoderm is unsegmented.

27
Q

Exopterygotes

A

Develop through series of larval stages or nymphs

28
Q

Moulting = Ecdysis

A

Shedding the exoderm or exoskeleton between each larval or nymphal stage

29
Q

Mantle

A

Dorsal body wall of mollusc which often forms shell

30
Q

Mantle cavity

A

In molluscs, the space between mantle and main body where gills (or lungs in terrestrial snails) are found

31
Q

Radula

A

Specialised mouthparts in molluscs

32
Q

spicules

A

Spikey structures surrounding the mantle in chitons

33
Q

Pedicellariae

A

Modified spines with claws capable of movement in echinoderms

34
Q

Notochord

A

A stiff rod of mesoderm found next to the nerve chord in all chordate embryos (and some adults)

35
Q

Detrivores

A

Species that eat dead and/or decaying organic matter

36
Q

Tetrapod

A

Species with four feet or leg-like appendages

37
Q

Archosaurs

A

Evolutionary origin of bird species

38
Q

Prototheria

A

Group which the monotremes belong – egg laying mammals (echidna and platypus)

39
Q

Metatheria

A

Marcupials, carry developing young in a pouch

40
Q

Eutheria

A

Placental mammals

41
Q

Gestation

A

Pregnancy

42
Q

Digitigrade

A

Mammals that walk on the tips of the feet (on their toes)

43
Q

Plantigrade

A

Mammals that walk on their entire feet right up to the heel, including primates, bears and hedgehogs

44
Q

Bipedal

A

Walking on two legs

45
Q

Ecology

A

The way in which organisms interact with their environment, including other organisms

46
Q

Evolution

A

The change in inherited traits found in populations of individuals

47
Q

Ecosystem

A

The environment, its physical properties and all the organisms and communities found there

48
Q

Community

A

Any group of species that live in the same place and potentially (or actually) interact with each other

49
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species

50
Q

Symbiosis

A

When two species interact closely together in a way which is beneficial to one or both

51
Q

Mutualism

A

When two species interact closely and both species benefit

52
Q

Obligate symbiosis

A

Species have to live together or they will not survive

53
Q

Facultative symbiosis

A

Species can live together but can also survive alone for at least part of their life

54
Q

Commensalism

A

When two species interact closely and one species benefits; the other appears unharmed

55
Q

Ecto- and Endoparasites

A

Species of parasite where at least part of the lifecycle requires the parasite to live outside (ectoparasite) or inside (endoparasite) a host

56
Q

Evolutionary Arms Race

A

When individual evolves a trait that provides an advantage, other individuals must evolve a counter trait to survive or reproduce. Because there has been counter evolution, the first individual must further evolve to stay ahead of the survival or reproductive game. These can be likened to the biological version of weapons arms races.

57
Q

Intra-specific competition

A

Competition between individuals in same species

58
Q

Inter-specific competition

A

Competition between individuals in different species

Genetics (40 decks)

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