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Flashcards in HealthPsych Session 1 Deck (45)
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1
Q

Why did the biomedical model work in the early 20th century but doesn’t apply today?

A

Top killers have changed from infectious to chronic diseases

2
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

Biological, social and psychological factors all impact on health and illness

3
Q

What biological factors are considered in the biopsychosocial model?

A

Physiology
Genetics
Pathogens

4
Q

What social factors are considered in the biopsychosocial model?

A

Social class
Employment
Social support

5
Q

What psychological factors are considered in the biopsychosocial model?

A

Cognition
Emotion
Behaviour

6
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Social schemata about people, roles and relationships with prone to an emphasis on -ve traits

7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using stereotypes?

A

A: helpful shortcuts, decrease processing power
D: discount individual differences, can lead to prejudice

8
Q

What are schemata?

A

Groups of related information used to organise knowledge

9
Q

What is the purpose of organising information in schemata?

A

Save processing power when faced with a situation similar to one we have encountered before –> environment more predictable, allows anticipation, avoids info overload

10
Q

What does organising information into schemata not reflect?

A

Diversity

11
Q

Are stereotypes easy to change?

A

No, they are resistant to change

12
Q

Why do we naturally assign people to categories?

A

Help us to understand our social environment

13
Q

Why do we adopt the characteristics of the group we identify most with?

A

Build self-esteem

14
Q

How does the focus of attributes change when considering our own group in comparison to other groups?

A

Tend to focus on +ve attributes of our group and -ve of others

15
Q

What cognitive and emotive components lead to discrimination?

A

Stereotypes (cognitive) –> prejudice (emotive) –> discrimination

16
Q

When are we more likely to rely on stereotypes?

A

Under time pressure
Fatigued
Overstretched

17
Q

What can help to challenge -ve stereotypes?

A

Getting to know members of groups other than your own

Reflective practice

18
Q

Why do we need to be vigilant when considering our own and other people’s behaviour?

A

It is influenced by social and cognitive processes we may not be aware of

19
Q

What is the biomedical model?

A

Illness understood in terms of biological and physiological processes - Dr as mechanic

20
Q

What does examination of depression and dementia in against populations show?

A

Exponential increase in dementia cases with age

No change in rates of depression

21
Q

Why are stereotypes less effective with increasing age?

A

Diversity increases with age due to life experiences

22
Q

What is dementia?

A

Level of cognitive impairment causing disability

23
Q

Which component of intelligence is the most age-sensitive?

A

Processing speed

24
Q

What is crystallised intelligence?

A

Highly learnt skills and general knowledge

25
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Problem solving in new situations

26
Q

Is fluid intelligence or crystallised intelligence more useful for everyday life?

A

Crystallised

27
Q

What explains ‘terminal drop’?

A

Increased frailty and physiological problems cause a large decrease in in intelligence in the last year or two of life

28
Q

Do all aspects of memory function behave the same at different ages?

A

No

29
Q

What can affect different behaviours of memory function other than age?

A

Disease e.g. Dementia, Alzheimer’s

30
Q

What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?

A

A level of cognitive impairment that does not cause disability

31
Q

What can MCI progress to?

A

Dementia but pts often die before progression

32
Q

What is the activity model in ageing?

A

Sphere successful ageing requires maximal engagement in all areas of life

33
Q

Do personality traits fluctuate or remain stable with age?

A

Remain stable

34
Q

What is the disengagement model of ageing?

A

Successful ageing is achieved when the individual stops seeking social, relationship and intelligence activities

35
Q

What is successful ageing?

A

Where individual feels well adjusted and contented

36
Q

Is the activity or disengagement model of ageing more common?

A

Activity

37
Q

How can families adversely affect ageing?

A

Empty nest –> loss of identity as parent
Grandparenthood –> unfulfilled expectations due to unsatisfactory relationships
Changing patterns of family contact

38
Q

Why might friends be considered as next of kin by elderly pts?

A

Changing patterns of family contact causing greater importance of friendships

39
Q

Can grandparenthood be beneficial in ageing?

A

Yes, can create new identity if relationship is satisfactory

40
Q

Which gender is generally better at forming new relationships after losing those at work following retirement?

A

Females

41
Q

What are the negative impacts of work and retirement on ageing?

A

Loss of manifest (pension

42
Q

Who usually suffers more in retirement?

A

People who are emotionally invested in their work

43
Q

What can lead to social rejection in death and bereavement?

A

Reluctance to acknowledge mortality

44
Q

Is bereavement more common in old age?

A

No but the probability of it being more significant is higher

45
Q

What result does enforced limitations in housing, mobitility etc have on the diversity of older people?

A

Increases