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Flashcards in Heart Disease Deck (31)
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1
Q

Which type of hypertension is very common, accounts for 90-95% of hypertensive patients and does not have an obvious cause?

A

Essential Hypertension

*likely caused by high sodium retention, causing increase pressure

2
Q

Which uncommon type of hypertension is caused by endocrine, drug, pregnancy, renal failure, sleep apnea or renal artery stenosis causing stress resulting in high pressure?

A

Secondary hypertension

*accounts for 5-10% of hypersensitive patients

3
Q

What are 5 risk factors for getting essential hypertension?

A
1-Increasing age
2-Black
3-Obesity/metabolic syndrome
4-High salt
5-Lack of physical activity
4
Q

What are 4 hypertension induced problems?

A

1-Accelerated atherosclerosis
2-Heart failure
3-Renal failure
4-Retinal/brain damage

5
Q

Hypertension causing the kidneys to become smaller and finely pitted is more common in what race?

A

Blacks

6
Q

Hypertensive brain hemorrhage is more common in what race?

A

Asians

7
Q

Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for many atherosclerotic diseases. what are the 4 major lipoproteins of the blood?

A

1-High Density (HDL)-deliver peripheral lipids to liver
2-Low density (LDL) deliver lipids from liver to periphery
3-Very low density (VLDL) same as LDL
4-Chylomicrons (delivers lipids from gut to liver)

8
Q

Hardening of the arteries is called?

A

Arteriosclerosis

9
Q

Lipid deposits/plaques in arteries is the most common kind of arteriosclerosis and called what?

A

Atherosclerosis

10
Q

What are the 5 steps for developing Fibroatheroma with stenosis?

A
1-Endothelial dysfunction
2-Lipid deposit in vessel wall intima
3-Inflammation/foamy macrophages
4-Intimal smooth miscle,fibrosis
5-Fibroatheroma with stenosis causing angina, claudication etc.
11
Q

How is a thrombosis formed in atherosclerosis?

A

Lipid deposits in intima cause inflammation/foamy macrophages resulting in a plaque ulcer or rupture that thromboses

12
Q

___% stenosis clinically impedes the flow of blood and increases resistance ____ fold

A

75, 16 fold

13
Q

What are the 6 most common areas for arteriosclerosis to happen?

A
1-Aorta (most common)
2-Coronary arteries (biggest killer)
3-Iliac, femoral, popliteal arteries
4-Carotid/circle of willis (stroke)
5-Kidney
6-Pulmonary arteries
14
Q

Though the aorta does not become occluded, damage to the media can cause an aneurysm called what?

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

15
Q

What causes 80% of hear diseases such as angina, infarct, chronic ischemic heart disease and is hard to predict infarct risk for?

A

Coronary Atherosclerosis

16
Q

Claudication, ulcers and gangrene can be caused by what?

A

Peripheral artery disease (iliac, femoral, popliteal arteris)

17
Q

Erosions rather than ruptures of plaque is the more common cause of thrombus/stroke in what area?

A

Carotid/Circle of willis

18
Q

An abrupt onset focal or global neurological symptom causing ischemia or hemorrhage is called?

A

Stroke

*symptoms for more than 24 hours causes brain damage. Transient Ischemic attack if less than 24 hours

19
Q

What is the most frequent stroke subtype?

A

Cerebral infarct (60-80%)

*Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage less common

20
Q

Hyaline arteriosclerosis and proliferative arteriolosclerosis (onion skin change) happen where?

A

Kidneys

21
Q

What are 6 main risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
1- Age and gender (>45 m, >55 f, post menoposal/low estrogen)
2-Smoking
3-Diabetes/metabolic syndrome
4-Hypertension
5-Dyslipidemia
6-Genetic risk factors
22
Q

What oral disease does atherosclerosis have association with?

A

Periodontal disease

23
Q

What is the main cause of predictable pain like angina and claudication?

A

Stenosis

24
Q

____ causes gradual blood flow reduction, _____ is an abrupt stop of blood flow

A

Slow stenosis

Thrombus/disrupted plaque

25
Q

Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain, radiating pain and myocardial ischemia is characteristic of what?

A

Angina Pectoris

26
Q

Pain related to exertion relieved by rest or vasodilators usually due to fixed coronary stenosis is called?

A

Stable Angina

*S-T segment depression

27
Q

Classically occurring at rest, what is a brief reversible spasm chest pain called?

A

Variant or Prinzmetal’s Angina

*ST segment elevation or depression

28
Q

New or worsening prolonged chest pain at rest is called?

A

Unstable angina

29
Q

Chest pain, dyspnea (short of breath) diaphoresis, nausea, palpitations and anxiety are symptoms of what?

A

Myocardial Infarct

30
Q

What are the 4 criteria, 2 of which must be met to be a Myocardial infarct?

A

1-Ischemic type ches pain more than 20 min
2-Acute EKG changes
3-Rising, then falling serum cardiac biomarkers
4-Pathologic documentation of infarct at autopsy

31
Q

Unexpected death within 1 hour of cardiac event usually due to high grade coronary stenosis is called?

A

Sudden Cardiac Death