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Veterinary Conservation Biology > Herbert > Flashcards

Herbert Flashcards

0
Q

Four traits that distinguish mammals from reptiles?

A

Homeothermic
Suckling of young
Body hair
Muscular diaphragm

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1
Q

What is the difference between prototheria, metatheria, and eutheria?

A

Prototheria- egg layers (monotremes)
Metatheria- embryonic young (marsupials)
Eutheria- birth more developed young

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2
Q

What are the origins of marsupials and monotremes?

A

Breaking off from Antarctica 35-40 million years ago

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3
Q

What are the origins of Australian eutherians?

A

Island hopping 5-6 million years ago

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4
Q

What are the most easily recognisable differences between ameridelphia and australidelphia?

A

Structure of the tarsal bones

Also blood proteins, DNA and sperm morphology

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5
Q

What are the four orders of marsupials?

A

Dasyuromorphia
Peramelemorphia
Diprotodontia
Notoryctemorphia

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6
Q

What is the name of the opposable 1st digit on the hind foot present in some marsupials?

A

Hallux

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7
Q

Define polyprotodont

A

Multiple pairs of lower incisors

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8
Q

Define diprotodontia

A

One pair of incisors in the lower jaw.

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9
Q

Define syndactyly

A

Normal occurrence of having two or more fused digits in a mammal species.

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10
Q

Between what two digits is syndactyly most common?

A

II and III

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11
Q

What is the dentition of dasyuromorphids?

A

Polyprotodont

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12
Q

Would a spotted quoll have one or more digits fused together naturally?

A

No, it is a dasyurid, they do not have any syndactyly

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13
Q

Bandicoots have three pairs of equal sized lower incisors.

A

Yes they are of the order peramelemorphia which are polyprotodonts

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14
Q

Syndactyly is a defining aspect of peramelemorphia

True/ False

A

True

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15
Q

What does the order notoryctemorphia include?

A

Marsupial moles

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16
Q

All diprotodonts have one pair of lower incisors

True or false?

A

True

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17
Q

What order do koalas belong to?

A

Diprotodontia

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18
Q

All diprotodonts have syndactyly

True/ False

A

True

19
Q

What is the significance of the path of the ureters in marsupials?

A

Prevents the fusion of the vagina into a single structure

20
Q

Define polyoesteus

A

Multiple cycles in breeding season

21
Q

How is ovarian activity modulated in marsupials?

A

By lactation

22
Q

Describe the placenta of bandicoots koalas and wombats

A

Chorioallantoic

23
Q

Structure and function of the pouch?

A

Structure
Invagination of skin of ventral abdomen through a gap in cutaneous muscles, interior skin is hairless, coated by a brown secretion

Function
High humidity and stable temperature for growing young
Mammary glands with long nipples to suckle young

24
Q

What is embryonic diapause?

A

A female mates while a young is in her pouch. The conceptus is suspended until the first young has finished suckling.

25
Q

How does embryonic diapause work?

A

Corpus luteum develops and is then inhibited by suckling stimulus

26
Q

Solitary marsupials are usually…

A

Small nocturnal carnivores/omnivores

Exceptions include brushtails and koalas

27
Q

What is sexual size dimorphism?

A

Significant difference in size between the sexes within a species

28
Q

How do marsupials cope with cold conditions?

A

1 increase metabolic rate
2 huddling in groups
3 torpor (pseudo hibernation)

29
Q

How do marsupials cope with heat?

A

Panting, sweating, licking paws

30
Q

How is a marsupial heart different to a eutherians heart?

A 
30% heavier
Resting heart rate = lower
Max heart rate = similar 
Max stroke volume is larger
CO = greater
Resting respiratory rate = lower
Tidal volume = greater
31
Q

What is the difference in resting body temperature between marsupials and eutherians?

A

2-3 degrees lower

32
Q

What is a volplane?

A

Fold of skin between elbow/digit 1 forelimb and stifle/digit 5 of hindlimb that allows for gliding

33
Q

Regarding the hind limb of marsupials what could be regarded as insufficiently developed?

A

Patella

34
Q

What is the top speed of a kangaroo?

A

70 km/he

35
Q

Outline the gastrointestinal tract of a carnivorous marsupial.

A

Very simple
No caecum
Small intestine and large intestine short with similar diameter.

36
Q

What is the difference between the gastrointestinal tracts of omnivores and carnivores?

A 
Salivary glands are larger
Small intestine is longer
Large intestine more developed for fermentation 
Caecum = generally large 
Colon = longer and greater diameter
37
Q

What is the dentition of an omnivorous marsupial?

A

Polyprotodont

38
Q

What is the diastema?

A

Space where the premolars are present in the mouth of diprotodonts

39
Q

Outline the characteristics of a foregut fermenters gastrointestinal tract.

A 
Stomach expanded and sacculated
Caudal "hindstomach" = glandular
Cranial forestomach = fermentation
Small intestine = long
Colon and caecum well developed
40
Q

What species are foregut fermenters

A

Kangaroos and wallabies

41
Q

Outline the characteristics of a Hindgut fermenters gastrointestinal tract

A

Simple stomach

Enlarged caecum and/or colon

42
Q

What is the cardio gastric gland patch?

A

Invaginated area of mucosa near the cardia

43
Q

What are some problems for Hindgut fermenters?

A

Less opportunity to absorb microbial amino acids and b vitamins

Issues with antibiotics

44
Q

What is caecotrophy?

A

Ingestion of caecal faeces for nutritional purposes.

Veterinary Conservation Biology (3 decks)

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