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Master Blaster > Histo Finale > Flashcards

Histo Finale Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the digestive tract from inside to outside

A

Mucosa or Mucous membrane
Submuccosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

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2
Q

The mucosa or mucous membrane of the esophagus consists of what three layers?

A

Epithelium
Connective Tissue Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosa

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3
Q

What is contained within the submucosa?

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels
Esophagela glands in some regions

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4
Q

The submucosa is what type of fibers?

A

Collagenous and elastic

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5
Q

What type of muscle predominates in the upper 2/3 of the esophagus?

A

Striated (skeletal) muscle

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6
Q

In what portion of the esophagus is only smooth muscle found?

A

Lower 1/3

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7
Q

What type of muscle is in the middle third of the esophagus?

A

Both smooth and skeletal

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8
Q

The outer adventitia layer is composed of what type of CT?

A

Loose

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9
Q

Where is the esophagus surrounded by a serosa?

A

Below the diaphragm

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10
Q

Above the diaphragm what is the function of the connective tissue adventitia?

A

To anchor the esophagus to surrounding structures

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11
Q

Where do we find cardiac glands in the digestive system?

A

Near the junction with the stomach to esophagus

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12
Q

The narrow region of the stomach adjacent to the esophagus is called?

A

The Cardia

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13
Q

The fundus of the stomach is what part?

A

Superior region above the cardiac orifice

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14
Q

What part of the stomach communicates with the duodenum?

A

Pyloric region

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15
Q

What is not produced by the stomach:

  • hypocholoric acid
  • mucus
  • digestive enzymes
  • hydrochloric acid
  • hormones
A

Hypocholric acid

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16
Q

How is the esophagus and stomach similar? Different?

A

Consist of the same four layers but the mucosa and muscularis externa are thicker in the stomach.

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17
Q

The cardiac and pyloric region of the stomach are principally lined with what type of cells?

A

Mucus producing

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18
Q

The body and fundus contains ________ ________ which produce what substance?

A

Parietal Cells

- hydrochloric acid

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19
Q

The body and fundus also produce what enzyme from the chief cells?

A

Proteolytic aka pepsin

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20
Q

What do we call the endocrine cells located in the stomach?

A

Enterochromaffin Cells

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21
Q

Enterchromaffin can be divided into two populations:

A

Argentaffin - produce serotonin (vaso-constrictor)

Argyrophil - produce poplypeptide hormone (gastrin)

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22
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

To break down large proteins

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23
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

6 M

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24
Q

What structures in the small intestine facilitate the absorption of ingested substances?

A

Aborsptive columnar cells possessing many microvilli

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25
Q

What substances do we absorb in the small intestine?

A

Water, electrolytes, vitamins, bile, monosaccharides, amino acids, fats.

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26
Q

Name the three parts of the s.intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

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27
Q

The large intestine is how many feet long?

A

5 feet

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28
Q

What is present in the small intestine that is not found in the colon?

A

Villi

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29
Q 
What is not part of the large intestine:
Color
Appendix
Rectum
Anal Canal
All are part of the l.intestine
A

All are part

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30
Q 
The muscularis mucosae in the digestive tract are only strong enough to move: 
gastric juices
mucosa
bolus
water
A

Mucosae

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31
Q

What do we call the Lymphatic Nodules in the digestive tract?

A

Peyer’s Patch

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32
Q

What type of endothelium is found in the tunica intima?

A

Simple squamous

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33
Q

The tunica intima has a sub endothelia connective tissue what kind is it?

A

Loose areolar CT

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34
Q

What layer of the blood vessels are the thickest?

A

Tunica Media

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35
Q

What type of CT is the tunica adventitia?

A

Loose areolar

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36
Q

What are the blood vessels of vessels, like the roots of a plant called?

A

Vaso vasorun

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37
Q

In what layer of the blood vessels is lympathic drainage taking place?

A

Tunica Adventitia

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38
Q

What is not a function of the Urinary system:

  • clear the blood of waste products
  • immunity
  • regulate concentrations of body fluids
A

Immunity

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39
Q

The kidneys are important organs and are known to release what three substances among others into the blood?

A
  • Calcitriol
  • Humoral agent erythropoetien
  • Renin
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40
Q

The base of the cortex of the medulla in the kidneys consists of how many renal pyramids?

A

Five to Eleven

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41
Q

The basa aka papilla of the kidneys is projected in what direction?

A

toward the cortex region

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42
Q

What are the 2 components of the renal lobe?

A

Renal Pyramids

Cortex substances for protection

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43
Q

There are approx. how many perforations in the area of cribrosa? What is the function of the perforations?

A

25 from which filtrate can pass into minor calyx

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44
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The Nephron

Collecting Duct

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45
Q

What is another term for the nephron?

A

uriniferous tubules

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46
Q

The collecting duct is responsible for what function?

A

Collecting the final concentration of urine

Conveying the urine into the renal pelvis

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47
Q

What structures make up the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s Capsule and glomerelus

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48
Q

The renal corpuscle has two poles a vascular and urinary pole, what pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave?

A

Vascular

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49
Q

The visceral layer of the renal corpuscle contains specialized cells what are they and their function?

A

Podocytes = filter cells

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50
Q

What are the granulated areas of the kidney?

A

Glomerelus
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal & Distal Convoluted tubules

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51
Q

Striated Areas of the kidney?

A

Greater portion of the loop of henle, and greater portion of the collecting duct.

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52
Q

What structure in the kidney produces renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular Complex “JG”

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53
Q

Finish:

Renin -> ___ -> ___ -> ____ ->

A

angiotensinogen -> angtiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2 active form of vaso constrictor

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54
Q

Where is angiotensin II activated?

A

The lungs

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55
Q

What raises bp, angiotensin I or angiotensin II?

A

II

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56
Q

How does angiotensin II increase bp?

A

Constriction of arterioles
Increase amount of aldosterone from adrenal cortex by: increase Na+ reabsorption (retention) from proximal convoluted tubule and H2O uptake (retention) from distal convoluted tubules.

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57
Q

What muscle type is canoe shaped, non striated and tapered at one end and widest at the centre?

A

Smooth

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58
Q

Juxtaposed cells are found in what muscle type?

A

Smooth

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59
Q

Where is the widest part of a smooth muscle?

A

centre

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60
Q

Muscles with 100+ nuclei on each fibre and that contain a thin membrane called the sarcolemma belong to which group?

A

Skeletal

61
Q

What feature does not belong to skeletal muscles:
bulk looks like pipes that are long & cylindrical
Striations of 2 filaments
very large nuclei
Used for locomotion and movement

A

Very large nuclei - nuclei are actually small.

62
Q

How are juxtaposed cells arranged?

A

Arranged so that the thick portion of cell will line up with the thin portion of another.

63
Q

Smooth muscles are:
multi-nucleated
mono-nucleated

A

mono-nucleated

64
Q

What is the shape of cardiac muscle?

A

Long and cylindrical

65
Q

Cardiac muscle is known to have unique properties such as:

A

line of demarkation = inter-calculated disks which mark the end of one cell and the beginning of another.
Nuclei are centrally located
Multinucleated
Cross-striated

66
Q

What muscle group does not have cross striations?

A

Smooth

67
Q

_______ muscles are the only group that are not involuntary

A

Skeletal

68
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

Vessels, organs, and viscera

69
Q 
What is not a function of smooth muscle:
peristaltic contraction
Spiraling - squeezing
contraction for mvmts
Parallel-shortening
A

Contraction for mvmnts - function of skeletal muscles

70
Q

The connective tissue covering of the muscle infiltrated by nerves and blood vessels is called?

A

Epimyseum

71
Q

What are groups of muscle fibres (cells) in bundles called?

A

Faciculi

72
Q

What layer of muscle tissues is the least dense and what CTP is it?

A

Endomyseum - Loose CTP

73
Q

At what level of muscle layer do capillaries exist?

A

Endomyseum

74
Q

The Dark areas are called? Why

A

A bands - named after the anisotrophy effect (colour change)

75
Q

I bands are what area?

A

Light after Isotrophy effect

76
Q

What band runs down the centre of the endomyseum?

A

H band

77
Q

What runs down the centre of the H band?

A

M band

78
Q

What is the distance between Z bands called? What is its function?

A

Sarcomere - functional unit of muscle tissue

79
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Stores Ca++

80
Q

A muscle fibre cell is surrounded by ______________

A

Sarcolemma

81
Q

T or F

The sarcolemma has a dense network of capillaries?

A

False - no capillaries

82
Q

Myofibrils contain smaller units called ___________

A

Myofilaments

83
Q

What is contained within the Myofilaments?

A

Actin and Myosin

84
Q

3 types of muscle fibres

A
  1. Red
  2. Intermediate
  3. White
85
Q

Intermediate concentration of myoglobin and mitochondria are characteristic of what type of fibre?

A

Intermediate

86
Q

Red fibres can also be called s..

A

Sarcosommes

87
Q

Where the synapse is…

A

myoneuro junction aka neuromuscular junction

88
Q

What used to be called buttons?

A

Telodendria - branches

89
Q

What is a telodendria?

A

Motor end plates, terminal nerve endings with muscle cells.

90
Q

Do telodendria have myelin sheaths?

A

No

91
Q

What do the synaptic vesicles in the terminal end of neuron contain?

A

ACH

92
Q

4 important proteins:

A

actin
myosin
tropomyosin
troponin

93
Q

When the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca++ what does it connect with?

A

Troponin

94
Q

After Troponin is connected to Ca++ what is released?

A

Tropomyosin which allows myosin to bind

95
Q

What allows for movement of the sarcomere?

A

When tropomyosin binding sites are exposed and myosin is allowed to bind to it - power stroke

96
Q

What small fibres on the inner most surface of the heart tissue regulate the impulses of the heart beat?

A

Perkinje Fibres

97
Q

The system found in cardiac muscle is called the __ system.

A

T

98
Q

The Triad system is only found in what muscle type?

A

Skeletal

99
Q

What are the fascia adherens in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs

100
Q

What properties makes neurons so unique compared to other cell types?

A

Irritability and conductivity are greatly enhanced

101
Q

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

A

Communication!

102
Q

Neurons will vary in size and shape but always will have what three structures?

A

Cell body
Dendrite
Axon

103
Q

What is meant by unipolar?

A

Neuron with a central process coming off from cell body.

104
Q

Cranial spinal ganglia are what type of neuron?

A

Unipolar

105
Q

When there are more than two processes off cell body, but only 1 axon and many dendrites the neuron is said to be…

A

multi-polar

106
Q

Where in the body do we find a lot of multi-polar neurons?

A

Autonomic ganglia

107
Q

How many processes from the cell body will a bipolar neuron have?

A

2 processes from cell body: 1 dendrite side, 1 axon side

108
Q

Where do we typically see bipolar neurons in the body?

A

Special senses

109
Q

What shape are bipolar neurons?

A

Elongated or spindle shaped

110
Q

What neurons have a stellate to pyramidal to pear shape?

A

Multi-polar

111
Q

What do nissal bodies produce?

A

Proteins

112
Q

Do motor neurons or sensory neurons have more nissal bodies?

A

Motor

113
Q

Neurofibrils are how big in diameter? What are they similar to?

A

8-11nm

Equal to intermediate filaments

114
Q

What fibre type is important for intercellular transport, and maintenance of a neurons shape?

A

Neurotubules

115
Q

Inclusions in nervous tissues include:

A

Lipoproteins - undigested cytoplasmic materials

Melanin - pigmented bodies

116
Q

Nissal bodies will go into dendrites but stop where?

A

Axon hillock

117
Q

What are the bulb-like structures on dendrites called?

A

Dendritic spines

118
Q

What is a telodendria?

A

branch or twig like formation of axons

119
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the nervous system is called?

A

Ganglia

120
Q

T or F

Centrioles are absent in neurons

A

True

121
Q

What are the cyto organelles found in neurons?

A

Lysosome
Golgi
Mitochondria

122
Q

What are the two main types of ganglia?

A

Sensory

Autonomic

123
Q

Cranial/spinal ganglia belong to which category of ganglia?

A

Sensory

124
Q

What ganglia are located in certain organs, especially in the wall of digestive organs?

A

Autonomic

125
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia are sensory or autonomic?

A

Autonomic

126
Q

Each ganglion cell has a capsule composed of what type of cells?

A

Cuboidal and Satellite

127
Q

T or F

Most of the cells in the CNS and PNS are unmylinated?

A

False

128
Q

What is the primitive embryonic-esque neuroglia?

A

Ependymal

129
Q

What type of neuroglia lines the ventricles of the brain?

A

Ependymal

130
Q

Microglia have what function?

A

Phagocytotic

131
Q

What cells form the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

132
Q

What cell provide support and insulation of the axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

133
Q

Glial cells aka _____________

A

Neuroglia

134
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Support cells

135
Q

Glial cells in the PNS are called…

A

schwann cells

136
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

137
Q

What structure does the endoneurieum surround?

A

Axon

138
Q

What surrounds the entire nerve?

A

Epineurium

139
Q

What CNS membrane has reticular and elastic fibres?

A

Arachnid

140
Q

What layer of the pia mater has collagenous fibres with fibroblasts?

A

Epipipal

141
Q

The choroid plexus produces…

A

CSF

142
Q

Name the three categories of Encapsulated terminal sensory endings

A

Corpuscles of vater pacin, genital corpuscles and mesentery corpuscles in CT

143
Q

Palms, soles of feet and tips of fingers/toes falls under what type of encapsulated terminal sensory ending?

A

Mesentery corpuscle in CT

144
Q

Epithelia of Oral Cavity

A

Strat. squam

145
Q

Esophagus epithelia?

A

Strat. squam

146
Q

The stomach has what type of epithelia?

A

Simple columnar

147
Q

Duodenum, jejenum, and fackkkking ileum?

A

Simple columnar

148
Q

Anusssss?

A

Strat columnar

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