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ID Clin Med > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

What type of body cell does HIV invade?

A

T cells (CD4)

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2
Q

What is the etiologic agent of AIDS?

A

HIV

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3
Q

Who discovered HIV?

A

Luc Montagnier of France and Robert Gallo of the US

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4
Q

Is HIV an RNA or DNA virus?

A

RNA

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5
Q

What type of family does HIV belong to?

A

Retrovirus

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6
Q

Which strain of HIV is most common?

A

1

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7
Q

CD4 Lymphocytes are the primary target of HIV, but what other cells could be infected?

A

Monocyte/macrophages

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8
Q

HIV limits the body’s ability to fight infection due to markedly reduced helper T cells, why is this so dangerous?

A

Patients have a very weak immune system

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9
Q

What can lead to death in patients with HIV?

A

Patients are predisposed to multiple opportunistic infections leading to death

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10
Q

What is the criteria for diagnosis with AIDS?

A

Positive HIV serology who have ever had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14%

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11
Q

How many sides does the HIV virus have? Is it enveloped or non-enveloped?

A

20 (icosahedral)

Enveloped

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12
Q

What do retroviruses do?

A

Transcribe RNA to DNA

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13
Q

How many strands of RNA are found in the core of the HIV virus? What are they surrounded by?

A

2 surrounded by protein outer coat

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14
Q

What are the modes of transmission of HIV?

A 
Sexual
Vertical
Parenteral
Trasnfusion
Nosocomial
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15
Q

How many people are living with HIV or AIDS? How many in America?

A

40 million worldwide

900,000 to 1 million in US

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16
Q

Where is HIV prevalence/Newly infected cases of HIV the highest?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa #1

South/south-east Asia #2

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17
Q

Symptoms of the primary stage (stage 1) of HIV

A

Short, flu-like illness occurs one to six weeks after infection
- Mild symptoms

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18
Q

Which stage of HIV is free from symptoms? How long does it last?

A

Stage 2 - asymptomatic phase

Lasts for an average of 10 years

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19
Q

Is HIV detectable in the blood during the asymptomatic phase? What about HIV antibodies?

A

The level of HIV in the blood drops to low levels, but HIV antibodies are detectable

20
Q

What causes HIV symptoms to finally appear?

A

Destruction of large numbers of CD4 cells after a period of latency

21
Q

When is an HIV infected person at risk for opportunistic infections?

A

Once CD4 drops below 500

22
Q

Which diseases are predictive of the progression to AIDS?

A

Persistent shingles
Thrush
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi’s sarcoma

23
Q

What stage is it when the immune system deteriorates and opportunistic infections and cancers start to appear

A

Stage 3 - symptomatic phase

24
Q

What stage does HIV become AIDS as the immune system weakens too much and CD4 cells decrease in #?

A

Stage 4

25
Q

What are some opportunistic infections associated with HIV CD4 less than 500? (AIDS suggestive)

A 
Bacterial infections
TB
Herpes simplex/zoster
Vaginal candidiasis
Hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi's sarcoma
26
Q

What are some opportunistic infections associated with AIDS with a CD4 count less than 200?

A 
Pneumocystic Carinii
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Coccodiodomycosis
Cryptosporiosis
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
27
Q

How do you diagnose HIV?

A

Antibody testing (ELISA/Western blot, Rapid blood/oral test, home HIV test kid)

Viral detection via culture or RNA PCR

28
Q

What is the only FDA approved HIV antibody?

A

Orasure

29
Q

Is Orasure a saliva test?

A

NO! Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue

30
Q

Viral load tests measure the amount of HIV-RNA in _____ of blood

A

1 mL

31
Q

How often should you repeat viral load tests to monitor viral load and T-cell count?

A

Every 3-6 months

32
Q

When do you repeat a viral load test after changing or starting antiretroviral therapy to determine the effect on the viral load?

A

4-6 weeks

33
Q

Testing of neonates for HIV measures the ___ antigen

A

P24

34
Q

What biochemically defines AIDS?

A

Having a CD4 count below 200

35
Q

How many HIV diagnoses are made each year?

A

50,000

36
Q

How often should you test someone who identifies as gay or bisexual for AIDS?

A

3-6 months may be beneficial

37
Q

What is the Maine state law about voluntary HIV testing?

A

You can order a test with informed consent obtained either written or oral

38
Q

What does the CDC currently recommend for testing for HIV?

A

4th gen HIV - 1/2 IgG/IgM/p24Ag as initial test

39
Q

If multispot is positive for HIV-1, what do you do?

A

Order a QUANTITATIVE HIV-1 PCR

40
Q

Is it better to start therapy for HIV early or later on?

A

Early - Earlier therapy improves long-term immune function

41
Q

Can people be infected with more than one HIV strain?

A

Yes!

42
Q

For the greatest chance of success, when must PEP begin?

A

At a minimum within 72 hours of exposure

43
Q

Regimens must consist of ____ or more active agents from multiple medication classes

A

Three

44
Q

Is PrEP well tolerated?

A

Yes!

45
Q

Early HIV treatment reduces the risk of transmitting the disease to an uninfected partner by ____%

A

96%

ID Clin Med (3 decks)

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