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Flashcards in How nerves work 3 Deck (22)
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1
Q

what is an action potential?

A

used to transmit big signals along an axon and they’re needed as axons are poor conductors

2
Q

what does muscle need in order to contract?

A

an action potential

3
Q

process of action potential production

A
  • a local graded potential depolarises cell to threshold
    and fires action potential
  • at synapse in CNS another graded potential is needed to depolarise next cell and fire another action potential. This time a neurotransmitter is released by the pre-synaptic terminal and this binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic cell causing gated- ion channels to open (usually) and ions to flow through. This depolarises the next cell to threshold and another action potential is fired.
4
Q

what happens at sensory terminal?

A

ion channels open and respond directly to a stimulus and depolarise the cell
if this depolarisation reaches threshold an action potential is sent to CNS to synapse there and this is called a generator potential or synaptic potential

5
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

here acetylcholine is released at presynaptic terminal and binds to receptors on the post synaptic terminal.
An end plate potential is produced- always reaches threshold.

6
Q

what is a pacemaker potential?

A

some neurons in the brain spontaneously depolarise so they have their own pacemaker potential to determine when they reach threshold and when to fire an action potential
-it is another example of a graded potential

7
Q

what is meant by graded potentials being ‘decremental’?

A

potentials that don’t travel very well down neurons
- a lot of charge leaks out of the membrane as it isn’t well insulated so further down the axon less current will be flowing through

8
Q

what other names are there for graded potentials?

A

decremental
electrotonic
local
non-propogated

9
Q

the bigger the stimulus the bigger the….

A

graded potential produced

which in turn opens more channels by releasing more neurotransmitters

10
Q

what is an inhibitory post- synaptic potential

A

a kind of synaptic potential that makes a post- synaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.

11
Q

example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

12
Q

how does GABA work?

A
  • GABA receptors typically open channels that are selectively permeable to Cl-
  • When these channels open, Cl- can flow across the membrane and into the cell hyperpolarising it
  • this takes the cell away from threshold (more negative)
13
Q

what is an excitatory post- synaptic potential

A

makes a cell more likely to fire an action potential

occurs by opening Na+ or Ca2+ channels to depolarise the cell

14
Q

what is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? give examples of others too

A
glutamate - main
acetylcholine
catecholamines
serotonin 
histamine
15
Q

what happens to a graded potential the further it is from the axon hillock?

A

the potential decays more as it takes longer to get to the axon hillock
information coming in does so through dendrites and then travels through cell body to the axon hillock which is the last point of summation until potential is fired down axon so the further it has to travel more it will decay

16
Q

what is summation?

A

the sum of all excitations and inhibitions in area near neuron
all PSPs gather at axon hillock and are added together to see whether an action potential will be fired

17
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

PSPs reach the axon hillock in quick succession and are added together
but they MUST arrive one after another in a very short space of time in order to be summated
they may be weak individually but once added together they reach the threshold

18
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

Various PSPs that arrive at the same time are added together

once added again they can then reach threshold and an A.P is produced

19
Q

what happens if an EPSP and IPSP arrive at the same time

A

they can knock each other out

20
Q

if multiple EPSPs and IPSPs join what can happen to the excitatory signal?

A

it can be inhibited slightly but won’t be completely cancelled out

21
Q

Depending on which neurotransmitter is released at NMJ what can happen?

A

different channels could open and so could be IPSP or EPSP

22
Q

why are there folds at the NMJ

A

Allows more voltage gated Na+ channels to be closer to the ligand gated acetylcholine receptor so the graded potential doesn’t have far to go