HPHD 1 - Stress, coping, stereotypes, ageing + disability Flashcards Preview

ESA3 > HPHD 1 - Stress, coping, stereotypes, ageing + disability > Flashcards

Flashcards in HPHD 1 - Stress, coping, stereotypes, ageing + disability Deck (28)
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1
Q

Describe the biomedical model:

A
  • Illness caused by biological factors
  • Mind + body function separately
  • Treatment should be drugs/surgery
  • Responsibility for treatment lies with health professionals
2
Q

Describe the biopsychosocial model:

A
  • Illness caused by biological, psychological and social factors
  • Treatment should take all factors into account
  • Patients and health professionals take joint responsibility for treatment
3
Q

List some physiological responses to stress:

A
  • Increased O2 availability (^RR)
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Sensory awareness
  • Liberation of glucose
  • Protein breakdown
  • Insulin resistance
  • Fluid conservation
  • Decreased immune response
  • Decreased GI function
  • Decreased sexual response
4
Q

How does stress impact negatively on health?

A
  • Physically = ^BP, atherosclerosis, pain, vomiting
  • Mentally = extreme thoughts, lack of control/motivation, anxiety, poor judgement
  • Immune response = ^ risk of colds/flu/herpes/autoimmune responses
  • Unhealthy behaviours = smoking, drinking, bingeing, isolating self
5
Q

What are the 2 coping styles?

A

1) Emotion-focused coping

2) Problem-focused coping

6
Q

Distraction and denial are examples of what type of coping style?

A

Emotion-focused coping

7
Q

What are the 3 main ways to aid coping with stress?

A

1) Increase/mobilise social support
2) Increase personal control
3) Preparation for stressful events

8
Q

How can you increase a patients personal control to aid their coping with stress?

A
  • CBT
  • Pain management
  • self-management programmes
  • Involve them in care planning
9
Q

List some barriers to identifying psychological problems in patients:

A
  • Symptoms attributed to illness/treatment
  • Patients do not disclose symptoms - fear of stigma, judgement, poor medication
  • Doctors do not ask - poor communication skills or lack of time in consultation, or ‘not their role’
10
Q

What conditions can CBT be used to treat?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • PTSD
  • Schizophrenia
  • Eating disorders
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Bipolar disorder
  • OCD
11
Q

Describe CBT:

A

Cognitive:

  • Education
  • Monitoring of thoughts/behaviours
  • Challenging negative thoughts
  • Rehearsal of coping strategies

Behavioural:

  • Graded exposure to feared situations
  • Activity scheduling
  • Reinforcement
12
Q

What type of psychological treatment may be useful to someone with poor mental health due to painful previous experiences, with an interest in self-exploration?

A

Psychoanalytic/dynamic therapy

13
Q

What type of psychological treatment may be useful to someone with schizophrenia who can articulate their problems and are seeking solutions?

A

CBT

14
Q

What type of psychological treatment may be useful to someone with subclinical anxiety/depression?

A

Systemic +/- family therapy

15
Q

What are the advantages of forming stereotypes?

A
  • Reduces processing time
  • Allows predictability
  • Avoids information overload
16
Q

Define stereotype:

A

Widely held, fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person/thing

17
Q

Define prejudice:

A

Preconcieved opinion not based on reason or experience

18
Q

Define discrimination:

A

Prejudicial treatment of different categories of people

19
Q

When are we more likely to rely on stereotypes?

A
  • Under time pressure
  • Fatigued
  • Suffering information overload
  • In unfamiliar circumstances
20
Q

How can we avoid reliance on stereotypes?

A
  • Get to know members of different groups

- Reflection

21
Q

Better cognition in later life is associated with which lifestyle factors?

A
  • Good education
  • Good nutrition
  • Not smoking
  • Exercise
  • Social interaction
22
Q

Describe Erikson’s life stages and their associated conflicts:

A

Young - intimacy vs isolation
Mid-Adult - generation vs stagnation
Old-Age - integrity vs despair

23
Q

What are the 3 models of successful ageing?

A
  • Continuity model
  • Disengagement model
  • Activity model
24
Q

What is the disengagement model of ageing?

A

Most successful ageing occurs when you disengage from your previous role in younger life = accept change in social role and relationships

25
Q

What is the activity model of ageing?

A

Most successful ageing occurs when you complete engaging, fulfilling work

26
Q

What is the continuity model of ageing?

A

Most successful ageing occurs when you continue habits, preferences and relationships

27
Q

What is the difference between the medical and social models of disability?

A

Medical model = Disability due to mental or physical impairment which negatively impacts normal activity

Social model = Disability is due to the way society is organised

28
Q

Identify some barriers for people with disabilities which affect their access to healthcare:

A
  • Physical access - no lift
  • Sight or hearing problems - cannot communicate
  • Learning disability - cannot understand information given
  • Healthcare workers - patronising or unhelpful, may refuse to accommodate and alter policies
  • Inappropriate facilities - toilets
  • Guide dogs - not accepted

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