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Biology LC some in chem > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a labeled diagram of the male reproductive system

A

.

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2
Q

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Bladder, Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s Gland, Sperm duct, Urethra, Epididymis, Testis, Penis, Scrotum

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3
Q

What are the two main parts of the male reproductive system?

A

the penis and the scrotum

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4
Q

What is a gonad?

A

A gonad is an organ that produces a sex cell in animals

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5
Q

What are male gonads called?

A

testes

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6
Q

How and where do testes develop?

A

Testes develop inside the body at first, but a few weeks before birth descend into the scrotum.

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7
Q

What temperature are the testes kept at? Why?

A

This means they are kept at slightly lower than body temperature (35 degrees) which is the ideal temperature for sperm production.

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8
Q

What are seminiferous tubules? Where are they and what is their function?

A

Seminiferous tubules inside the testes are lined with sperm producing cells.

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9
Q

What do cells between the seminiferous tubules produce?

A

Cells between the tubules produce the hormone testosterone.

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10
Q

What do seminiferous tubules join to form?

A

the epididymis

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11
Q

What happens in the epididymis?

A

Sperm mature and are stored here

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12
Q

What does the epididymis lead to?

A

The sperm duct (vas deferens)

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13
Q

What does the sperm duct do?

A

Brings sperm to the urethra

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14
Q

What is the urethra responsible for?

A

The urethra is responsible for carrying sperm and urine out of the body

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15
Q

What are the glands in the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, cowper’s gland

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16
Q

What do the glands in the male reproductive system produce?

A

These glands produce seminal fluid which nourishes the sperm and provides a medium in which to swim.

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17
Q

What is semen made up of?

A

seminal fluid and sperm

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18
Q

What are the functions of the seminal vesicle, prostate gland and Cowper’s Gland?

A

Produces Seminal Fluid

  • For sperm to swim in
  • Nourishment for sperm
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19
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Places sperm in the female body

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20
Q

What does an acrosome contain?

A

contains digestive enzymes

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21
Q

What does a nucleus contain?

A

23 chromosomes

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22
Q

What are the three parts of the sperm?

A

Head, middle, tail

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23
Q

What does the collar contain?

A

contains mitochondria

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24
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

It allows sperm to swim

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25
Q

What are sperm and egg producing cell and what do they contain?

A

Sperm and egg producing cells are diploid i.e. they contain 46 chromosomes.

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26
Q

How do sperm and egg producing cells form sperm and egg cells?

A

They divide by meiosis to form sperm and egg cells.

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27
Q

What number of chromosomes do each sperm and egg cell contain due to them dividing by meiosis?

A

Each sperm and egg cell, therefore, has a haploid number of chromosomes i.e. they have 23 each

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28
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Testosterone is the male hormone responsible for the development of the primary and secondary male sexual characteristics

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29
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics?

A

The primary sexual characteristics are the presence of the male and female reproductive parts

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30
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics refer to features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves.

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31
Q

What are the male secondary sexual characteristics?

A

The growth of pubic, facial and body hair
The enlargement of larynx and “breaking” of the voice
Increased muscular development and bone development
A growth spurt at puberty
An increased secretion of sebum in the skin

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32
Q

Draw a labeled diagram of the female reproductive system

A

.

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33
Q

What is the fallopian tube also known as?

A

Oviduct

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34
Q

What is another word for the womb?

A

Uterus

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35
Q

Where does the bladder lie in the female reproductive system?

A

In front of the uterus

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36
Q

What is the function of ovaries?

A

To produce the eggs and female hormones.

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37
Q

How many eggs are present at birth?

A

all of them

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38
Q

What happens to eggs after puberty?

A

After puberty 20 eggs mature each month. Only one will be released from the ovary - the rest will die.

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39
Q

What happens to 20 eggs every month?

A

Only one will be released from the ovary - the rest will die.

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40
Q

How many eggs mature each month?

A

20

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41
Q

What is the structure of the Fallopian tubes?

A

The Fallopian tubes are muscular and approx 12 cm long.

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42
Q

Where do the eggs go after they have been released from the ovary?

A

Funnels at the tip of each tube catch the egg after it is released from the ovary.

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43
Q

What happens to the egg after it is caught by funnels at the tip of the fallopian tube?

A

The egg is moved along the tube by cilia and muscular peristalsis.

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44
Q

What happens to the egg after being moved along the tube by cilia and muscular peristalsis?

A

The egg is either fertilised or dies in the fallopian tube

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45
Q

What is the uterus? (not function)

A

A muscular structure approximately the size of your fist.

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46
Q

What is the outer wall of the uterus made of?

A

Outer wall made of involuntary muscle

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47
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterus called?

A

Inner lining is called the endometrium

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48
Q

What happens to the inner lining of the uterus each month? Why?

A

This lining thickens each month with cells and blood vessels to nourish the embryo

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49
Q

What does the cervix do?

A

The cervix separates the uterus from the vagina

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50
Q

What is the vagina? (not function)

A

Elastic muscular tube 10cm long.

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51
Q

What does the vagina allow?

A

Allows entry of sperm

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52
Q

What is the vagina for the exit of a baby?

A

The birth canal

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53
Q

What is the function of the vagina to do with birth?

A

The birth canal for the exit of a baby

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54
Q

What is the vagina lined with? Why?

A

Lined with cells that produce mucous. This serves to protect against the entry of pathogens.

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55
Q

What are the female hormones?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone are the female hormones

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56
Q

What causes the development of the secondary female characteristics?

A

A combination of oestrogen and progesterone at puberty causes the development of the secondary female characteristics

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57
Q

What are the secondary female characteristics?

A

The maturing and enlargement of the breasts.
The widening of the pelvis to allow for birth.
The growth of pubic and underarm hair.
A growth spurt.

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58
Q

What happens once meiosis is complete?

A

The egg is surrounded within a structure called the Graafian follicle.

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59
Q

What structure produces the female hormone oestrogen?

A

The Graafian follicle

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60
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle when mature? What happens at ovulation?

A

When mature the follicle forms a swelling on the outside of the ovary. It bursts at ovulation to release the egg.

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61
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle after ovulation?

A

After ovulation the follicle fills with yellow cells and becomes the Corpus luteum (yellow body).

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62
Q

What is the function of the Corpus luteum?

A

The secretes the hormone progesterone

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63
Q

What is the mentrual cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle is a 28 day sequence of events that produces an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy.

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64
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin and end?

A

This cycle begins at puberty and continues until the menopause (the end of the woman’s reproductive life).

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65
Q

What is the menopause?

A

The end of the woman’s reproductive life

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66
Q

What happens on day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The old lining of the uterus (endometrium) breaks down and is shed from the body. The loss of this blood and tissue is called menstruation (period). A new egg is produced in the ovary by meiosis. This new egg is surrounded by the Graafian follicle.

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67
Q

What is the old lining of the uterus called?

A

The endometrium

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68
Q

What is another word for period?

A

menstruation

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69
Q

What happens on days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The hormone oestrogen is produced by the developing Graafian follicle. This has two functions: It causes the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to build up again in preparation for implantation. Oestrogen also prevents the development of any more eggs.

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70
Q

What happens on day 14 of the ovulation cycle?

A

Ovulation. This occurs when the Graafian follicle bursts to release the egg into the fallopian tube

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71
Q

What happens of days 14 - 28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The Graafian follicle now develops into the Corpus Luteum (yellow body). This has two functions:
It causes the endometrium to thicken even further.
It also prevents new eggs from forming.

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72
Q

What will happen to the egg that was released in the menstrual cycle?

A

The egg that was released will die by day 16 if it is not fertilised. Thus days 12-16 of the menstrual cycle are referred to as the Fertile Period.

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73
Q

What are days 12-16 of the menstrual cycle referred to?

A

the Fertile period

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74
Q

What happens if fertilisation does not take place?

A

The Corpus Luteum starts to degenerate around day 22. This results in a reduction in progesterone levels. As a result the lining of the uterus breaks down again on day 28. The menstrual cycle begins again with day 1.

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75
Q

What does the degeneration of the Corpus Luteum result in?

A

A reduction in progesterone levels

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76
Q

What does the degeneration of the Corpus Luteum resulting in a reduction in progesterone levels result in?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down again on day 28.

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77
Q

What is another word for sexual intercourse?

A

copulation

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78
Q

What are the stages of sexual intercourse?

A

Sexual arousal, Copulation, Orgasm

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79
Q

What is involved in sexual arousal?

A

The penis becomes erect

The vagina becomes lubricated

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80
Q

What is involved in copulation?

A

The penis is inserted into and moved inside the vagina

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81
Q

What is involved in orgasm?

A

Sperm is released from the penis (Ejaculation)

Contraction of vagina and uterus

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82
Q

What is it called when sperm is released from the penis?

A

Ejaculation

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83
Q

What is insemination?

A

Insemination is the release of sperm into the female

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84
Q

What happens during insemination?

A

Contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes move the sperm to the fallopian tubes within 5 minutes

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85
Q

What happens if an egg is present during insemination?

A

If an egg is present it releases chemicals to attract the sperm this is called chemotaxis

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86
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote

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87
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

in the fallopian tube

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88
Q

What is implantation?

A

Implantation is the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

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89
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

This occurs 6-9 days after fertilisation

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90
Q

What has happened 6-9 days after fertilisation?

A

By this time the zygote has grown into an embryo.

91
Q

What develops during implantation?

A

During implantation a membrane called the amnion develops around the embryo.

92
Q

What does the amnion do? Why?

A

The amnion secretes amniotic fluid which will surround the developing embryo and act as a shock absorber

93
Q

What forms after implantation?

A

After implantation the placenta forms

94
Q

What does the embryo form after implantation?

A

an outer membrane called a chorion

95
Q

What does the chorion develop?

A

projections (chorionic villi) which, together with the blood vessels of the mother in the endometrium, form the placenta

96
Q

What forms the placenta?

A

Projections (chorionic villi) which, together with the blood vessels of the mother in the endometrium

97
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

The placenta allows nutrients, wastes, gases, antibodies and hormones to be exchanged between the blood of the mother and the embryo

98
Q

Does the blood of the mother mix with the blood of the baby?

A

The blood of the mother and embryo do not mix

99
Q

Why is it important that the bloods of the mother and baby do not mix?

A

The blood groups of mother and baby might not be compatible.

The blood pressure of the mothers system may cause damage to the embryo

100
Q

What does the placenta make?

A

the hormone progesterone

101
Q

What does the umbilical cord do? What does it contain?

A

The umbilical cord connects the placenta with the embryo. It contains blood vessels which circulate blood between the embryo and the placenta.

102
Q

Draw the placenta connecting to the amnion etc.

A

.

103
Q

What hormones are produced as during pregnancy and what are they produced by? What does the placenta act as?

A

The hormones oestrogen and progesterone are produced throughout pregnancy firstly by the corpus luteum (3 months) and then by the placenta. The placenta acts as an endocrine gland.

104
Q

What happens immediately before birth?

A

Immediately before birth the placenta stops making progesterone. The walls of the uterus begin to contract as a result. The pituitary gland releases the hormone called oxytocin. This causes further contractions of the uterus. Labour has now begun.

105
Q

Describe how long stage 1 of labour happens for and what happens?

A

About 12 hours - The contraction of the uterus pushes the foetus towards the cervix. This causes the cervix to open (dilate). During this stage the contractions cause the amnion to break releasing the amniotic fluid through the vagina. (The ‘water’s break’).

106
Q

Describe how long stage 2 of labour happens for and what happens?

A

20 minutes to 1 hour - The foetus passes through the cervix and the birth canal head first. The umbilical cord is tied and cut. This leaves a scar which will eventually become the navel (belly button).

107
Q

Describe how long stage 3 of labour happens for and what happens?

A

10-15 minutes - The baby is now born.

The uterus now contracts again and expels the afterbirth (the umbilical cord and placenta).

108
Q

What is lactation?

A

The secretion of milk from the mammary glands

109
Q

What is produced by the breasts in the first days after birth?

A

colostrum

110
Q

What is milk production triggered by?

A

The release of prolactin by pituitary

111
Q

Why is breastfeeding better than bottle feeding?

A

Colostrum and breastmilk provides the baby with essential antibodies protecting it against infection.
It has the ideal balance of nutrients for the baby.
It has little fat, making it easier to digest than milk.

112
Q

What does birth control refer to?

A

Birth control refers to the methods employed to limit the number of children that are born

113
Q

What is contraception?

A

Removing the possibility of conception is called contraception.

114
Q

How is contraception achieved? (generally not methods)

A

This is achieved by preventing the egg and sperm from meeting

115
Q

What are methods of mechanical contraception in the male?

A

The use of condoms
Surgical contraception
Sperm ducts are cut and tied

116
Q

What are methods of mechanical contraception in the female?

A

The use of diaphragms

117
Q

What are methods of chemical contraception?

A

Use of ‘the pill’. The pill contains oestrogen and progesterone which prevents ovulation and hence conception.
Use of spermicide

118
Q

What are methods of surgical contraception?

A

The fallopian tubes and sperm ducts can be cut and tied

119
Q

What are methods of natural contraception?

A

Not having sexual intercourse during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle
Natural methods of contraception based on try to identify the time of ovulation based on:
- monitoring the body temperature. This rises slightly after ovulation
- mucous secreted in the cervix (which changes its texture after ovulation)

120
Q

What is infertility?

A

Infertility is the inability of a couple to achieve conception.

121
Q

Name three male infertility disorders

A

Low sperm count
Low sperm mobility
Endocrine gland failure

122
Q

What is low sperm count?

A

Low sperm count – Refers to a low number of sperm per ml of seminal fluid.

123
Q

What is low sperm mobility?

A

Low sperm mobility - If movement of the sperm is slow, not in a straight line or both, the sperm may have difficulty passing through the cervical mucous or penetrating the shell of the egg.

124
Q

What is endocrine gland failure?

A

Endocrine gland failure – A failure of the testes to produce sperm

125
Q

What are the causes of a low sperm count?

A

The persistent use of drugs such as alcohol, cigarettes and anabolic steroids.
Abnormalities in sperm production or obstruction of the tubes through which sperm travels.
Stress

126
Q

What is the treatment for a low sperm count?

A

A change in diet.
A change in lifestyle e.g. stopping alcohol consumption, smoking.
A reduction in stress levels.

127
Q

Name two female infertility disorders

A

Blockage of the Fallopian Tube

Endocrine gland failure

128
Q

What is blockage of the fallopian tube?

A

Scarring of the fallopian tube can block the passage of the egg to the uterus

129
Q

What is endocrine gland failure?

A

A failure of the ovaries to produce an egg

130
Q

What are the causes of blockage of the fallopian tubes?

A

Fragments of the uterus lining may spread to the fallopian tube
Inflammation as a result of infection

131
Q

What is the treatment for blockage of the fallopian tubes?

A

In-vitro fertilisation (I.V.F.)

132
Q

What is IVF and what does it involve?

A

IVF is a method of treating infertility. It involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body

133
Q

What is given to the female for IVF and what does that do compared to what normally happens?

A

During the natural menstrual cycle an egg is produced by the ovary every month
During IVF fertility drugs are given to the female to stimulate the ovaries to produce more than one egg

134
Q

When eggs have been produced by the female in IVF what happens next?

A

These eggs are then taken from the females body and into the laboratory

135
Q

What happens with the male during IVF while eggs are produced and taken from the females body and into the laboratory?

A

In the meantime a sperm sample is taken from the male

136
Q

What is done in the lab during IVF?

A

The eggs and sperm are mixed together in the hope that fertilisation will occur
The sample is placed in the most ideal conditions for fertilisation to occur

137
Q

What is the main aim of IVF and if this is produced what will initially happen to it?

A

The main aim of the procedure is to obtain a zygote. If successful the zygotes development will be monitored closely

138
Q

What might the zygote develop into in IVF?

A

If successful the zygote develops into a morula, blastocyst and eventually becomes an embryo

139
Q

If a developing embryo is produced using IVF what is done with it?

A

The developing embryo can now be placed back into the females body for implantation to take place

140
Q

What are babies born of IVF treatment often called and is this correct? Why?

A

Babies born as a result of IVF are often incorrectly called ‘test tube’ babies. While fertilisation takes place in the laboratory (‘in vitro’ – in glass) the fertilised egg is re-inserted into the mother’s body and develops naturally in the uterus

141
Q

What happens if analysis of a couples eggs and sperm suggests that IVF treatment is unsuitable?

A

If analysis of a couples eggs and sperm suggests that IVF treatment is unsuitable, other methods of assisted fertility treatment are available

142
Q

What does a zygote contain?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 from the egg and 23 from the sperm.

143
Q

What happens to a zygote?

A

It divides rapidly by mitosis to produce 2 cells, then 4, then 8, then 16 etc. and continues to divide

144
Q

After a zygote has divided and grown by mitosis what is it called?

A

morula

145
Q

What is formed around 5 days after fertilisation?

A

The morula forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastocyst

146
Q

What does the outer layer of the blastocyst form?

A

the trophoblast

147
Q

What will the trophoblast later develop into?

A

The layer of membranes that surround the embryo (amion + placenta)

148
Q

What are the inner cells of the blastocyst called?

A

the inner cell mass

149
Q

What will the inner cells of the blastocyst eventually form?

A

the embryo

150
Q

What is interesting about the inner cells of the blastocyst?

A

These cells are not yet specialised. They have a phenomenal ability to differentiate (divide to give rise to many different types of tissue)

151
Q

What is meant by the word differentiate when talking about the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

A

divide to give rise to many different types of tissue

152
Q

What happens to the morula/blastocyst?

A

It is pushed along the fallopian tube until it enters the uterus

153
Q

What will happen when the morula/blastocyst enters the uterus?

A

It will implant into the uterus wall.

154
Q

When the morula/blastocyst implants into the uterus wall, what provides nourishment for the developing blastocyst?

A

the endometrium

155
Q

What begins to form after the morula/blastocyst implants into the uterus wall and is provided with nourishment by the endometrium?

A

Connections with the mother will begin to form (placenta + umbilical cord)

156
Q

After the morula/blastocyst implants into the uterus wall, is provided with nourishment by the endometrium and develops connections with the mother, what point is considered to have been reached?

A

the beginning of pregnancy

157
Q

What happens about 10 days after fertilisation?

A

The inner cell mass forms the embryonic disc

158
Q

What does the embryonic disc consist of and where are they all in it?

A

This usually consists of 3 layers called germ layers: Ectoderm (outside), Mesoderm (middle), Endoderm (inside)

159
Q

What do the different parts of the embryonic disc give rise to?

A

Each of these give rise to specific structures in the developing embryo

160
Q

What is the mesoderm split by in humans?

A

In humans the mesoderm is split by a layer called the Coelom

161
Q

What does the mesoderm being split by the Coelom in humans allow for?

A

This allows for more complex organs (heart, lungs, kidneys) to develop.

162
Q

Draw a diagram of the embryonic disc

A

.

163
Q

What are the parts of an embryonic disc and what do they form?

A

Coleom - heart, lungs
Ectoderm - skin, nervous system
Endoderm - inner lining of digestive system
Mesoderm - muscles, skeleton

164
Q

What is the amnion in contact with when first formed and what happens at about the 4th/5th week?

A

When first formed, the amnion is in contact with the embryo, but at about the 4th/5th week fluid begins to accumulate within it (amniotic fluid)

165
Q

What is the primary function of the amnion and amniotic fluid?

A

Primary function of the amnion and amniotic fluid is the protection of the embryo for it’s future development

166
Q

What can be seen by the sixth week of pregnancy?

A

Eyes are visible, mouth nose and ears are forming and skeleton is in the early stages of development

167
Q

What can be seen by the eight week of pregnancy?

A

Major body organs are formed, sex glands have developed into testes or ovaries, bone is beginning to replace cartilage.

168
Q

When is an embryo referred to from the point that is takes on a recognisably human form?

A

a foetus

169
Q

Are new organs formed after an embryo becomes a foetus?

A

no

170
Q

What do stem cells have huge research potential to do?

A

renew or repair body parts

171
Q

What can be seen 4-5 weeks after fertilization?

A

The heart forms and starts to beat
The brain also develops
The limbs have started to form

172
Q

What has happened by the 8th week of pregnancy?

A

The embryo has taken on recognisably human form. From this point it is referred to as a foetus and the foetus continues to grow. No new organs are formed from this point.

173
Q

What can be seen by the 12th week? (three months)

A

The nerves and muscle become co-ordinated allowing the arms and legs to move. The foetus sucks its thumb, urinates and even releases faeces into the amniotic fluid. The gender of the foetus can be seen in scans.

174
Q

How long is the time from fertilisation to birth? What is this period called?

A

The gestation period lasts about 38 weeks (9 months)

175
Q

What does the placenta form from?

A

The placenta forms from a combination of the tissues of the uterus and the embryo

176
Q

What completely surrounds the amnion and embryo soon after implantation?

A

Soon after implantation called the chorion completely surrounds the amnion and embryo

177
Q

(Maybe) Draw a labelled diagram of the uterus and placenta during the time the placenta is forming and Draw a labelled diagram of the chorionic villi, embryo and endometrium.

A

.

178
Q

What emerges from the chorion, what do they invade, what does this allow?

A

The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion and invade the endometrium allowing the transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood

179
Q

What will eventually form the placenta and when does it become fully operational?

A

The combination of the chorionic villi and the endometrium will eventually form the placenta which becomes fully operational about three months into the pregnancy

180
Q

(Maybe) Draw a labeled diagram of the placenta and the chorion

A

.

181
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

The placenta allows gases, nutrients, waste, antibodies, some drugs, hormones and micro-organisms to be exchanged between mother and baby. It also produces hormones.

182
Q

Do blood supplies of mother and embryo mix?

A

no

183
Q

Why do blood supplies of mother and embryo not mix?

A

Blood types may not be compatible

Mother’s blood pressure might damage embryo

184
Q

What are the functions of the umbilical cord?

A

To connect the embryo with the placenta

To take blood from the embryo to the placenta and back again

185
Q

What must be done with the umbilical cord at birth?

A

It must be cut at birth to separate mother and baby

186
Q

(Maybe) Draw a labelled menstrual cycle

A

.

187
Q

How many hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle and what are they called?

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Oestrogen
LH (Luteinising Hormone)
Progesterone

188
Q

What kick-starts the production of each consecutive hormone in the menstrual cycle?

A

Each hormone causes the production of the hormone following it and inhibits the hormone preceding it

189
Q

What is FSH produced by and when is it produced in the menstrual cycle?

A

Produced by the pituitary gland

Produced early in the cycle (days 1-5)

190
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates a few potential eggs to develop surrounded by graafian follicles

191
Q

How many eggs usually survive when FSH stimulates a few potential eggs to develop surrounded by graafian follicles?

A

only one usually survives

192
Q

What is FSH sometimes used in?

A

Sometimes used in fertility treatments to stimulate ovaries to produce eggs - often lots of eggs develop. This explains some multiple births.

193
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

194
Q

If FSH is sometimes used in fertility treatments to stimulate ovaries to produce eggs and often lots of eggs develop, what does this explain?

A

Some multiple births

195
Q

What does each graafian follicle produce after being stimulated by FSH?

A

Oestrogen

196
Q

When and where is oestrogen produced? What is it produced by?

A

By the graafian follicle in the ovary from days 5-14

197
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes the endometrium to develop and inhibits FSH ensuring no further eggs develop

198
Q

What is oestrogen useful in?

A

The contraceptive pill

199
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen just before day 14 do?

A

stimulate release of LH

200
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising Hormone

201
Q

What is LH produced by and when?

A

The pituitary gland on day 14

202
Q

What does LH cause?

A

Ovulation

The remains of the graafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum

203
Q

What does the corpeus luteum (which LH caused the graafian follicle to develop into) make?

A

Corpus luteum makes final hormone in the cycle progesterone (along with small amounts of oestrogen)

204
Q

What is progesterone produced by, where and when?

A

Produced by the Corpus Luteum in the ovary from days 14-28.

205
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains structure of endometrium
Inhibits FSH to stop further eggs developing
Inhibits LH to stop further ovulation and pregnancies
Prevents contractions of the uterus

206
Q

Name two menstrual disorders

A

Fibroids and endometriosis

207
Q

What are fibroids?

A

Tumours of the uterus

208
Q

What are fibroids the result of?

A

The overproduction of cells

209
Q

What do fibroids not do?

A

They do not invade other tissues and do not spread (benign)

210
Q

Do fibroids grow quickly?

A

no they are slow growing

211
Q

What size are fibroids?

A

They range from the size of a pea to the size of a melon

212
Q

What ages are fibroids common in?

A

Common between ages of 35 and 45

213
Q

What symptoms do small fibroids produce?

A

Small fibroids often produce no symptoms

214
Q

What symptoms may fibroids produce as the enlarge?

A

As they enlarge they produce heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding (this can lead to anaemia, pain, miscarriage or infertility)

215
Q

What is the cause of fibroids?

A

The cause is uncertain. It may be an abnormal response to oestrogen. It can occur in women taking the contraceptive pill.

216
Q

How can fibroids by prevented and/or treated?

A

Small fibroids require no treatment just monitoring to check their growth
Large fibroids can be removed by surgery
If many fibroids are present a Hysterectomy may be necessary. This is where the uterus is removed.

217
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Growth of endometrial cells outside the uterus (often in fallopian tube)

218
Q

What normally happens to the endometrium in the menstrual cycle?

A

It is shed each month

219
Q

What happens in endometriosis?

A

In endometriosis misplaced endometrium is unable to exit the body

220
Q

What does endometriosis result in?

A

Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding area and pain. Formation of the scar tissue may result.

221
Q

What can formation of scar tissue from endometriosis result in?

A

If in the fallopian tube this can interfere with the passage of eggs to the uterus (infertility)

222
Q

What are the causes of endometriosis?

A 
Exact cause remains unknown
Several theories (response to excess oestrogen creation)
223
Q

What is the prevention and/or treatment of endometriosis?

A

No known cure
Hysterectomy (removal of uterus) - no guarantee that symptoms will disappear.
Medication can be taken to interfere with hormones resulting in a reduction or elimination of menstrual flow

Biology LC some in chem (24 decks)

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