Jamestown, Virginia
founded by the English in 1607;
Quebec
was settled by the French in 1608
Sante Fe
developed by the Spanish in 1609
New Amsterdam
was claimed by the Dutch in 1624
Taj Mahal, Katsura Imperial Villa, and Versailles
Some of the world’s most illustrious gardens were created in the 17th century
Stroll gardens
designed to recall the natural scenery of Japan
surrounded a lake
often contained tea houses, pavilions, sculptural lanterns, and pagodas.
TSUBONIWA
Interior courtyard gardens contained evocative elements, as did stroll gardens and tea gardens, but were meant only for viewing, not occupation
In 17th-century - Japan
gardening was a booming business.
SHAKKEI:
A view of Mt. Hiei is incorporated into the garden at Entsu-ji
Examples of imperial villas
Katsura-Rikyu, Shugaku-in, and Sento Gosho.
Katsura Villa
was planned as a countryside retreat in 1620 by Prince Toshihito (1570–1629)
Amanohashidate
a monolithic stone bridge, and stone lanterns
Sento Gosho
distinguished by its pebbled beach, turtle island, and earth bridge.
Korakuen
was a pleasure park built by the Tokugawa daimyo Yorifusa Mito in 1629
Shrubs were clipped to look like rocks: low broad lanterns harmonize with the horizontality of the lake.
Lu Shan
30-foot-high artifi cial mountain,
The Mughal empire
at its height stretched from the base of the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, covering territories in present day Afghanistan and northwest India
Persian styles
including the chahar bagh form
17th Century Mughal art
shows the influence of both Hindu and Islamic cultures
aspects of a Buddhist aesthetic based on organic patterns and sculptural ornamentation were combined with the Islamic sense of mathematical order and geometry
LAKE DAL, KASHMIR
Hundreds of gardens were believed to have been built around Lake Dal and the town of Srinagar during Jahangir’s rule
chini-kana
is a low wall with niches, like a dovecote;
chadar
a sloped surface with patterns carved in relief.
chabutras
raised platforms
baradari
Open pavilions or summerhouses
chenars
plane trees
Shah Jahan
built gardens in Lahore and Delhi, both named Shalamar Bagh
His great contribution to landscape history was the Taj Mahal
also had an impact on the history of city planning, building the cityfort at Agra and the Red Fort in Delhi.
Cypress trees
representing death
Fruit trees
representing life
Shalamar
built as a summer palace along the shores of Lake Dal by Jahangir in 1619
Chehel Sotoon
reconstructed by Shah Abbas II in 1647
Baroque styles
were characterized by a restlessness and exaggeration of detail.
Italian gardens of the 17th century
were large-scale productions, no longer limited by the conception of villa, garden, and bosco as an ensemble complete in itself
nymphaeum
water theater
Atlas
at center holding up the world, drenched by a cascade from above.
berceaux
vault-shaped trellises
parterres de pieces coupées
patterns made primarily with flowers
Het Loo
the royal palace of William and Mary, exemplifies 17th-century Dutch garden style
Dutch, French, and Italian influences
can be seen in 17th-century English gardens.
17th CENTURY / ENGLISH GARDENS
Emphasis was on the planting of flowers, particularly tulips, as well as the creation of topiary forms
The Great Fountain Court
designed by Daniel Marot, dates from the reign of William and Mary
French military engineers
were the first to deal with massive earthworks
Louis XIV (1638–1715)
was able to subordinate the dissidents and establish an absolute monarchy;
in 1655, he proclaimed “L’Etat, c’est moi” (I am the State).
formal gardens
was the stage for the political and social theater of 17thcentury France
Andre Le Notre (1613–1700)
grew up in Paris, where his father was superintendent of the royal palace gardens at the Tuileries
studied the curriculum for landscape designers suggested by the recognized authority on gardening
understood space as an abstraction, and was able to impart more clarity and unity on the style of his predecessors
Jacques Boyceau
geometry, perspective, drafting, architecture, and horticulture.
Le Notre at age of 37,
teamed up with his artist friend Charles Le Brun and the architect Louis Le Vau to undertake work for Louis XIV’s finance minister.
Vaux-le-Vicomte
was the first in a series of notable collaborations, and epitomizes the spirit of the 17th-century French formal garden
La Theorie et le pratique du jardinage
written in 1709, summarized the elements of the French Classical garden based on Le Notre’s work.
Nicolas Fouquet (superintendent of finances for the king)
hired the team of Le Notre, Le Brun, and Le Vau to design his new chateau at Maincy (about 34 miles from Paris).
bosquets
Small clearings and paths hidden within the ornamental groves
tapis vert
sloping lawn
Versailles
located in a lowland marsh, contained thousands of water features and fountains
MACHINE DE MARLY
Fourteen wheels lifted water 528 feet into reservoirs and aqueducts to supply Versailles’s waterworks
17th Century Summary
Straight lines! In the 17th century, the landscape was ordered by geometries that expressed the power and authority of humans over nature. Whether through monumental axes or lines of sight, as chahar baghs or with borrowed scenery, gardens extended into the landscape, literally and fi guratively.
Mughal gardens .
are characterized by the four-square paradise form
MUGHAL EMPIRE
Chadars, Chini-kanas, Chabutras
PERSIA
Talars, Chahar baghs, Flowers
ITALY
Water theaters, Stairs, “Stage” management
FRANCE
Refl ective pools, Bosquets, Parterres de broderie