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Flashcards in Infection And Immunity Andy Watts Deck (27)
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0
Q

CMV is a herpes type virus
It can cause eye disease and blindness
HIV tends to only cause it if the CD4+ cell count is less than ______

A

Less than 100mm^3

1
Q

Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection resulting from HIV. It is most likely if the CD4+ count is less than________

A

200/mm^3

2
Q

TB is often the first sign that someone has HIV

It is more frequent in those with CD4+ cell counts less than ____?

A

200/mm^3

But can occur at any cell count

3
Q

Around ____ of late stage HIV patients are infected with Mycobacterium Adium complex (MAC)

A

50%

Not everyone will show symptoms (recurrent fevers, painful intestines, weight loss)

4
Q

HIV primarily infects _____ cells

HIVs ______ protein binds to ____ receptors

A

CD4+ T cells

gp120 protein binds to CD4 receptors

5
Q

What are CD4s co-receptors?

A

CCR5 and CXCR4

6
Q

In HIV we see elevated T cell proliferation, yet it is classified as T cell depletion, why?

A

Even though T cells increase in number in HIV, they’re all infected with HIV, only they ones infected are stimulate to proliferate. Even though the quantity is increased, the QUALITY of these T cells is depleted. It’s quality not quaintly that matters…..

7
Q

What is the most potent factor known to increase risk of the M.tuberculosis bacterium progressing rapidly into TB disease?

A

HIV

8
Q

How do NNRTIs work?

A

They bind to the allosteric binding site of reverse transcriptase, causing a conformational change in the active site, so viral reverse transcriptase can no longer work to replicate DNA

9
Q

How does Fuzeon work?

A

Fusion inhibitor
Blocks entry of HIV into cells
Mimics the components of gp41, prevents normal fusion

10
Q

How does Maraviroc work?

A

CCR5 inhibitor
Blocks attachment of HIV to CCR5 receptor
So it’s only effective in patients with HIV that uses CCR5

11
Q

How do integrase inhibitors work?

A

Virus requires the enzyme integrase to integrate it’s genetic material into hosts DNA
These inhibitors block this
Prevents virus adding it’s DNA so prevents it replicating

12
Q

Is fixed dose combination a Seperate class of medication?

A

No it’s a combination of the other classes
Includes antiretrovirals : combination of 2 or more medications from one or more different classes , these antiretrovirals then combined into one single pill

13
Q

Vaccines are good against influenza because they provide protection. BUT?

A

But we need a specific vaccine for each virus

14
Q

What is influenza viruses Antigenic Drift?

A

A gradual accumulation of mutations
Allow the hemagluttnin on the virus surface to avoid the neutralising antibodies produced by the host

Epidemic strains of the virus are thought to have changes in 3 or more of the antigenic sites

15
Q

Amantadine is an influenza drug, it’s an M2 inhibitor. How does it work?

A

Interferes with the function of the the transmembrane domain of the M2 protein of influenza A virus
Also interferes with virus assembly during replication of influenza virus A viruses
Decreases the release of influenza virus A particles from the host cell

16
Q

How long does Amantadine reduce the duration of influenza illness by?

A

1 day when administered within 2 days of the onset of illness
(Uncomplicated influenza)

17
Q

Amantadine has activity against influenza __ viruses only, through inhibiting _______

A

A
Inhibits replication
Through inhibiting M2

18
Q

What are some of the problems of amantadine?

A

Rapid development of resistance in 30% of treated patients
Resistance can develop in 2-5 days

Not recommended by NICE

19
Q

What’s the name of the drug that was developed as a less toxic alternative to Amantadine?

A

Rimantadine

Structurally similar
Similar mechanism

Not recommended by NICE due to resistance problems

20
Q

What are the two main Neuraminidase inhibitors now in use for influenza?

A

Relenza (Zanamivir)

Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)

21
Q

How do neuraminidase inhibitors work?

A

They are COMPETITIVE inhibitors that compete with the natural receptors on influenza for the neuraminidase active site

Neuraminidase is needed to release the new virus from the cell surface by cleaving Salic acid, so these inhibitors stop this

22
Q

What’s the big advantage of neuraminidase inhibitors?

A

Active against ALL strains of influenza A B and C

And active against all serotypes!

23
Q

Zanamivir
A diskhaler device used for those aged over _______
Must be administered ____ after onset of illness
Decreases length of illness by approximately _______

A

Over 7 years
Within 48 hours after onset
Decreases length by 1 day

24
Q

What’s the bioavailability of Zanamivir ?

A

Around 10-20%

25
Q

Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) is approved for treatment of influenza A and B in those aged ______
And for prophylaxis in those aged ______

A

Over 1 year treatment

Over 13 years prophylaxis

26
Q

Oseltamivir is taken orally
It’s a prodrug
What’s its bioavailability?

A

80%

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