Intelligence and Positive Intelligence

Question 1

What are the general theories of intelligence?

Answer 1

> Hierarchical model (general intelligence + specific factors)
Multiple intelligences that do not correlate

Question 2

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 2

> Gf
> Biologically based 
> Perceive relationships among elements
> Peaks at 18
> Information processing and reasoning

Question 3

What is crystallised intelligence?

Answer 3

> Gc
Acquired knowledge and skills
Increases throughout life
General acquired knowledge and ability to apply it

Question 4

What is Spearman’s Two Factor Theory?

Answer 4

> Hierarchical model of intelligence
One general factor of intelligence (g)
Many specific factors (s)

Question 5

What is the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer 5

> First intelligence test (Binet-Simon; French, translated to english)
Based on the hierarchical model

Question 6

What are some non-hierarchical model theorists?

Answer 6

> Gardener (1993)

> Thurstone (1938)

Question 7

What are the limitations of Gardener’s Multiple Intelligences Model?

Answer 7

Underestimates role of cognitive variables contributing to variance in the hypothetically ‘independent’ intelligences

Question 8

What evidence is there of a genetic influence on intelligence?

Answer 8

> Plomin and Petrill (1997)

> Plomin and Craig (2001)

Question 9

What did Plomin and Petrill (1997) find?

Answer 9

Genetic influence on individual difference in intelligence is significant

Question 10

What did Plomin and Craig (2001) find?

Answer 10

> Meta-analysis
Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies
Heritibility of intelligence 50-51%

Question 11

What did Posthuma et al (2001) find?

Answer 11

Larger genetic difference in intelligence during:
> Transition from early to middle childhood
> Transition from early to late adolescence

Question 12

What did Gottfredson (1997) find?

Answer 12

g appears stable after childhood and predicts many important social outcomes better than other psychological predictors

Question 13

What did Lynn (1996) find?

Answer 13

> IQ tests
Asian children averaged 106
White children averaged 103
Black children averaged 89

Question 14

What is Watson and Tellegen’s Two-Dimensional Map of Mood?

Answer 14

> Two dimensions
   -> Low-High negative affect
   -> Low-High positive affect 
> Interaction determines direction of mood
> Eight different dimensions of mood

Question 15

What Watson and Tellegen’s Circumplex Theory of Affect model?

Answer 15

> Focus on the interpersonal aspects of personality

> Two-Dimensional Map of Mood

Question 16

What is psychological wellbeing?

Answer 16

The engagement with individual development and challenges within life, concentrating on issues of meaning and self-selection

Question 17

What are the features of psychological wellbeing?

Answer 17

> Autonomy
> Environmental mastery
> Personal growth
> Purpose
> Positive relations with others
> Self-acceptance

Question 18

What is Hedonic wellbeing?

Answer 18

> Hedonism (Aristippus’ philosophy) leads to hedonic wellbeing
Hedonic wellbeing leads to subjective wellbeing
Short term, focus on current emotion, pleasure and pain avoidance

Question 19

What is Eudaimonic wellbeing?

Answer 19

> Eudaimonia ( Aristotle’s philosophy) leads to Eudaimonic wellbeing
Eudaimonic wellbeing leads to psychological wellbeing
Long term, development, overcoming challenges, meaning and self-reflection

Question 20

What factors contribute to subjective wellbeing?

Answer 20

> Positive affect
Negative affect
Life satisfaction

Question 21

What did Estrada et al (1997) find?

Answer 21

> Doctors
Positive affect
More creative and accurate in diagnosis

Question 22

What are the criticisms of emotional intelligence?

Answer 22

> Validity is questionable (Sjoberg, 2011)
Social skills do not predict performance in other areas (Ferris et al, 2001)
Likely to be empathy or other personality traits (Sjoberg, 2011)

Question 23

What did Sjoberg (2011) determine?

Answer 23

> Emotional intelligence
Validity is questionable
May be empathy or secondary personality trait

Question 24

What did Ferris et al (2001) find?

Answer 24

> Emotional intelligence
Related to interpersonal skills
Does not predict performance in other areas