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Flashcards in Introduction to Genomics Deck (13)
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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism.

2
Q

What is the difference between genomics and genetics?

A

Genomics is the study of the entire DNA sequence of an organism (including the complete set of genes it has).

Genetics is the study of inheritance - how traits are passed down generations and the role of genes in that process.

3
Q

What is the transcriptome and proteome?

A

The transcriptome is the total RNA content that has been transcribed from DNA.

The proteome is the total protein content that has been translated from RNA.

4
Q

What is an ‘ome’? What are 5 biological objects and their ‘ome’?

A

An ‘ome’ is ‘the totality of’.

DNA - Genome
RNA - Transcriptome
Protein - Proteome
Epigenetic signals - Epigenome
Microorganisms - Metagenome
5
Q

What is an epigenetic signal and a microorganism?

A

Epigenetic signal - markers (associated with specific locations in the genome) in DNA/ histones that regulate gene expression.

Microorganism - a very small organism.

6
Q

What are transcriptomics?

A

The study of all RNA transcripts that are produced either by a single cell, a tissue or an organism.

7
Q

How is the proteome an additional level of variation?

A

Different carbohydrates in different patterns can be added to proteins post-translation.

8
Q

What is the difference between an intron and exon?

A

A DNA sequence in a gene consists of introns and exons. Exons can code for proteins whilst introns cannot. When DNA is transcribed to mRNA, the introns are removed.

9
Q

How has DNA sequencing technologically advanced over the years? Give answer in figures.

A

From 500 base pairs to 37 million base pairs i.e. a 74,000 fold change.

10
Q

What is an SNP and GWAS?

A

SNP - A single nucleotide polymorphism i.e. 1 nucleotide at a specific position in the genome has variation and the same variation shows in a population of organisms.

Genome wide-association study - a study of a set of variants (version of something that differs to the original) from different individuals to see if the variants are associated with a trait. The amount of variants is ‘genome wide’.

11
Q

For the mitochondrial genome and epigenome/ metagenome, how many diseases can occur in them that are associated with DNA variants?

A

The mitochondrial genome has many diseases associated with variants whilst the epigenome and metagenome only have some.

12
Q

How can the epigenome vary?

A

The epigenome can have changes occur in the marks in DNA/ histones.

13
Q

How is the metagenome taken?

A

The genomes of all the organisms from a specific location are taken.