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Physiology III Final Exam > Ion and Hormone Regulation > Flashcards

Ion and Hormone Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

When is ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) released?

A

As a result of stretch receptors in the cardiac aorta

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2
Q

What effect does ANP have on GFR and tubular reabsorption of sodium?

A

Increased GFR

Decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium

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3
Q

What is the first line of defense for the regulation of potassium balance?

A

Insulin (uptake of potassium into cells after meal)

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4
Q

What are potassium levels like with a person who has diabetes?

A

High (hyperkalemia)

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5
Q

What effect does increased potassium have on aldosterone production?

A

Stimulation of cellular uptake of potassium

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6
Q

What is the condition of excess aldosterone in the system?

A

Conn’s syndrome (hypokalemia)

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7
Q

What is the condition of deficient aldosterone?

A

Addison’s disease (hyperkalemia)

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8
Q

Increased secretion of what specific catecholamine increases the movement of potassium into cells?

A

Epinephrine

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9
Q

B-adrenergic receptor blockers treat what condition by increasing movement of potassium out of the cells?

A

Hypertension

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10
Q

What other issue can result from the use of B-adrenergic receptor blockers as treatment for hypertension?

A

Hyperkalemia

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11
Q

What effect does metabolic acidosis have on potassium balance?

A

Loss of potassium from cells (increased extracellular K+ levels)

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12
Q

What effect does metabolic alkalosis have on potassium balance?

A

Movement of potassium into cells (decreased extracellular K+ levels)

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13
Q

During which situation is the activity of the ATPase pump REDUCED? Hyperactive?

A

Reduced - metabolic acidosis

Hyperactive - metabolic alkalosis

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14
Q

What happens to the potassium balance during cell lysis?

A

Potassium released to extracellular compartment (severe hyperkalemia)

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15
Q

What effect can prolonged and strenous exercise have on potassium balance?

A

Release of potassium from muscles (hyperkalemia)

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16
Q

When can hyperkalemia via strenuous exercise become severe?

A

In person is on B-androgenic blocker or has insulin deficiency

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17
Q

What are the factors that shift potassium INTO the cell?

A

Insulin, aldosterone, B-adrenergic stimulation, alkalosis, decreased extracellular fluid osmolarity

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18
Q

What are the factors that shit potassium OUT of the cell?

A

Insulin deficiency, aldosterone deficiency, B-adrenergic blockers, acidosis, cell lysis, strenuous exercise, increased extracellular fluid osmolarity

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19
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on the potassium permeability of the luminal membrane?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Where is half of the calcium in the blood plasma located?

A

Bound to proteins (so only half is available to filter out at glomerulus)

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21
Q

Where is the majority of calcium reabsorbed?

A

Proximal tubule

22
Q

What hormone is the major regulator of calcium in the renal system?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

23
Q

Where is reabsorption of calcium unaffected by PTH?

A

Proximal tubule

24
Q

Where is reabsorption of calcium affected by PTH?

A

Loop of Henle and distal tubule

25
Q

Which involves a state of increased reabsorption of hydrogen ions: alkalosis or acidosis?

A

Alkalosis

26
Q

Which involves a state of decreased reabsorption of hydrogen ions: alkalosis or acidosis?

A

Acidosis

27
Q

What factors stimulate calcium excretion?

A

Decreased PTH, increased ECF volume, increased BP, Increased H+ concentration (acidosis)

28
Q

What factors decreased calcium excretion?

A

Increased PTH, decreased ECF volume, decreased BP, decreased H+ concentration (alkalosis)

29
Q

Only about how much typical magnesium intake is absorbed by the digestive system?

A

50% (more than needed for daily function)

30
Q

Where does the majority of phosphate reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal tubule

31
Q

At what pH is one considered to have acidosis?

A

Below 7.4

32
Q

At what pH is one considered to have alkalosis?

A

Above 7.4

33
Q

What are the three systems in which the body defends itself against changes in hydrogen ion concentration?

A

Acid-base buffering system of fluids
Respiratory center
Kidneys

34
Q

How long does it take the acid-base buffering system to react to a shift in hydrogen concentration?

A

Seconds

35
Q

How long does it take the respiratory center to react to a shift in hydrogen concentration?

A

Minutes

36
Q

A condition like emphysema that decreases the ability of the lungs to eliminate CO2 can lead to what situation: acidosis or alkalosis?

A

Acidosis

37
Q

How long does it take for the kidneys to react to a state of acid-base imbalance?

A

Hours to days

38
Q

What are the most powerful regulators in the acid-base regulation system?

A

Kidneys (even though they’re the slowest)

39
Q

How do the kidneys control acid-base regulation (hydrogen ion concentration)?

A

Excreting acidic or basic urine

40
Q

How do the kidneys regulate extracellular fluid hydrogen ion concentration?

A

Secretion of hydrogen ions
Reabsorption of filtered HCO3-
Production of new HCO3-

41
Q

Where do hydrogen ion secretion and HCO3- occur?

A

All parts of the tubule EXCEPT the thin ascending and thin descending limb of the loop of Henle

42
Q

What is the primary reason for stimulation of hydrogen ion secretion by the renal tubules?

A

Acidosis or alkalosis of the body

43
Q

What is the condition where acidosis occurs due to an increase in partial pressure of CO2?

A

Respiratory acidosis

44
Q

What is the condition where acidosis occurs due to a fall in HCO3-?

A

Metabolic acidosis

45
Q

When does gluconeogensis occur in the kidneys?

A

During periods of prolonged fasting

46
Q

What amino acids are primarily used by the kidneys during gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate, glutamine, and glycerol

47
Q

What conditions stimulate gluconeogenesis?

A

Low carb levels in cells and in blood plasma

48
Q

Low carb levels trigger the secretion of what substance during gluconeogenesis?

A

Corticotropin

49
Q

What major hormone is produced in response to corticotropin in gluconeogenesis?

A

Cortisol

50
Q

What is the purpose of cortisol during gluconeogenesis?

A

Mobilizes proteins for movement and use

Physiology III Final Exam (6 decks)

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