sternoclavicular joint
clavicular notch of manubrium and sternal end of clavicle
acromioclavicular joint
acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle
glenohumeral joint
- head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
- articular capsule (encapsulates synovial cavity): 1. outer fiborous capsule and 2. inner synovial membrane (prod. of synovial fluid)
- fluid +cartilage reduce friction and shock, fluid provides nutrients and removes waste
humeroradial/humeroulnar joint
flexion/extension
1. head of radius and
capitulum of humerus
2. trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
Prox. and distal radioulnar joints
pronation/supination
- prox: head of radius and radial notch of ulna
distal: head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixator
- muscle most directly responsible for movement
- muscle that acts in opposition to agonist
- muscle that assists agonist
- muscle that prevents unwanted movement
serratus group
serratus anterior, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae
rotator cuff
subscapularis, supraspinous, infraspinous, teres minor
coxal (hip) joint
head of femur and acetabulum
serratus anterior
O: ribs 1-8 or 9
I: vertebral border of scapula
A: upward rotation of scapula
rhomboid minor
O:C7-T1
I: superior border of scapula superior to spine
A: adduction, downward rotation, elevation
rhomboid major
O:T2-T5
I: vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine
A: adduction, downward rotation, elevation
levator scapulae
O: transverse processes of C1-C4
I: Vertebral border of scapula (superior)
A: elevation and downward rotation
supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa
I: greater tubricle of humerus
A: abduction
infraspinatus
O: infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubricle of humerus
A: lateral rotation
subscapularis
O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubricle of humerus
A: medial rotation
teres minor
O: lateral border of scapula (inferior)
I: greater tubricle of humerus
A: lateral rotation and extension
teres major
O: inferior angle of scapula
I: intertubercular sulcus
A: extension, adduction, medial rotation
deltoid
O: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: abduction, flexion, lateral rotation
trapezius
O: occipital pertuberance, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12
I: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
A: Upper: upward rotation
middle: adduction of scapula
lower: depression/upward rotation
triceps brachii
O: infraglenoid tubricle of scapula (long head) and posterior surface of humerus (medial and lateral heads)
I: olecranon of ulna
A: extension of arm and forarm
biceps brachii
O: supraglenoid tubricle of scapula (long head) and coracoid process of scapula (short head)
I: radial tuberosity of radius
A: flexion of arm and forearm, supination
brachialis
O: distal, anterior surface of humerus
I: ulnar tuberosity and coranoid process of ulna
A: flexion of forearm
brachioradialis
O: distal end of humerus
I: above styloid process of radius
A: flexion and supination and pronation
pectoralis major
O: clavicular head, sternum, and ribs 2-6
I: greater tubercle and intubercular sulcus of humerus
A: abduction and medial rotation of arm
latissimus dorsi
O: T7-L5, crests of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12
I:intertubercular sulcus of humerus
A: extension, adduction, and medial rotation of arm
iliacus
O: iliac fossa and sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flexion, lateral rotation
psoas major
O: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebre
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flexion and lateral rotation
- scoliosis
- kyphosis
- lordosis
- abnormal lateral curve
- exaggeration @ thorasic region (hunchback)
- exaggeration @ lumbar region (common in obese and pregnant people)
herniation
tear of annulus fibrosus, (gel-like nucleus pulposus impinges on spinal nerve)
atlanto-occipital joint
- occipital chondyles and superior articular facet of C1
- flexion/extension (“yes)
atlanto-axial joint
- inferior articular facet of atlas and superior articular facet of axis
- rotation (“no”)
differences between vertebre
- cervical: smaller, bifid spinous process, and transverse foramen (contains vertebral arteries)
thorasic: have transverse costal facet on transverse process for rib tubricle, demi-facets, and spinous processes pointed down
lumbar: large body and short and stumpy spinous processes
scapulothoracic joint
- not a true joint
- scapula moves over thorax (chest) to increase range of motion in shoulder
- upward and downward rotation, depression/elevation, and abduction/adduction