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Jojos Phlebotomy > Jojos Plebotomy 2 > Flashcards

Jojos Plebotomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A falsely prolonged prothrombin time may cause a dr to reduce patients medication. If anticoagulant is lowered what complication could occur?

A

The patient could suffer from blood clots or a stroke.

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2
Q

What does the medical science council NZ EXPECT WHEN IT STATES you must act as a professional?

A

You must act in accordance with ethical, legal, professional And regulatory requirements.

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3
Q

What does the term myocardial mean?

A

Myocardial describes the middle thick muscular layer of the heart.

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4
Q

Name some symptoms of Anaphylactic reaction?

A

Anaphylactic reaction is when the immune system releases chemicals that cause the body to go into shock.
The blood pressure can drop.
The airways can narrow and wheezing may occur.
Patient may have a weak to rapid pulse
Patient may have a runny nose, skin rash, or develop a rash.

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5
Q

What does the suffix “emia” mean in Greek? Give an example of emia used in medical terms?

A

“Emia” means blood

Hypervolemia means too high a volume of blood.

Anemia means lack of blood.

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6
Q

What does the medical sciences council NZ expect when it states you must practice as a Technician?

A

Practice by integrating medical laboratory science knowledge and skills within your area of competence and scope of practice.

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7
Q

One of the codes of practice is Safe Practice. What does this mean?

A

You must ensure personal, client, colleague and public safety

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8
Q

Communication is one of the medical science council NZ Codes of practice. What do they expect for communication?

A

To communicate effectively, with patients, colleagues, the public and other health professionals.

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9
Q

What does haemostasis mean?

A

haemostasis is a process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel. It is the first stage of wound healing. There are 4 stages to haemostasis

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10
Q

Describe vasoconstriction?

Stage 1 of haemostasis.

A

Shrinking of the blood vessel to limit blood loss. The blood vessel decreases in diameter

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11
Q

How are blood pressure results expressed?

A

Millimeters of mercury
(Mm Hg)
Systolic pressure during cardiac contraction.
diastolic pressure during cardiac relaxation.
120/80 mm Hg (normal blood pressure).

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12
Q

Name some blood tests that require protection from the light?

A

TDP - Thiamine (Vit B1) whole blood

UBILU - Bilirubin, Urine & blood

Vit A - Serum
Vit E - Serum
Vit B2

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13
Q

How are cells removed from whole blood so you can test the plasma?

A

By centrifuging the blood sample. You cause the denser particles (the cells) to settle towards the bottom and the lighter components (the liquid) to move towards the top of the tube.

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14
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute. Normal heart rate is 72 beats per minute.

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15
Q

Describe platelet aggregation?

A

Platelets congregate at the area of injury and form a temporary plug to limit blood loss

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16
Q

What happens during the 3rd stage of haemostasis?

A

The bodies tissue is repaired from the inside. Leaving a plug on the outside to prevent further blood loss and or infection

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17
Q

Why are most test performed on the liquid portion of blood?

A

Because there are a lot more components in the liquid portion of the blood. E. G. Hormones, fibrinogen,
there are only a few tests that can be performed on the cell portion of the blood.

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18
Q

How do you practice cultural competence?

A

Take into account the socio-cultural values of others.

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19
Q

How do you follow safe practice as a medical laboratory worker?

A

Practise in accordance with health and safety legislation. Follow work place safety policies and procedures. Identify and manage hazards (fire, electrical, chemical, biological and over use syndrome).

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20
Q

Name some of the points culturally competent practise includes in 5 codes of practice?

A

Recognise own beliefs, values and prejudices.
Recognise cultural diversity, ethnicity, culture, age, gender, sexual orientation, migrant experience or disability.
Apply treaty of waitangi partnership and act in good faith.

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21
Q

An infection agent needs a susceptible host. What could constitute a susceptible host?

A

New born babies, elderly, disease, antibiotic treatment, immunosuppressive drugs, surgery, anaesthesia, insertion of catheters

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22
Q

If a blood tube with an anticoagulant is used what type of specimen do you get?

A

Whole blood specimen where the whole blood will be used for testing e.g. CBC, ESR or the Plasma (after centrifuging) to test the liquid portion of the blood that contains hormones electrolytes gases, nitrogen wastes, lipids, fibrinogen, gluclose, amino acids, proteins etc

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23
Q

If there is no anticoagulant in the tube and the blood is allowed to clot what type of specimen do you get?

A

A serum sample. Serum is the liquid portion of coagulated blood.

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24
Q

Where is the heart located in the body?

A

In the centre of the thoracic cavity.

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25
Q

What does an ECG Machine do?

A

An ECG Machine is an electro graph and it records the electrical currents corresponding to each event in heart muscle contraction

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26
Q

Why does a serum sample lack fibrinogen?

A

With a serum sample the cells have been allowed to clump together. The fibrinogen has been used in this clumping process and is in the clotted cell section of the blood, not in the serum.

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27
Q

What are the 4 stages I’d haemostasis?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet aggregation
  3. Coagulation
  4. Fibrinolysis (clot retraction)
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28
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 min. The average is 51 litres of blood per minute.

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29
Q

If 90% of plasma is water what elements make up the other 10%.
Clue: more than 11

A

Proteins, fibrinogen, gases,hormones, glucose, nitrogen wastes, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes. ( sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium).

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30
Q

What are some of the tests that check for heart disease?

A
  • Arterial blood gases
  • AST
  • CK
  • Digoxin
  • LD
  • Potassium
  • Triglycerides
  • microbial cultures
  • Electrocardiograma
  • Triponin
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31
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The buffy coat is made up of white blood cells and platelets, when you centrifuge a whole blood sample the RBC sink to the bottom of the tube because the are heavy. The liquid portion is lighter and settles above the RBC. In the muddle is a thin white layer of platelets and WBC called the buffy coat

32
Q

Fibrinolysis is the 4th stage in haemostasis. What happens in this stage?

A

This is the clot retraction stage of coagulation. The temporary platelet plug (can be seen as the scab) falls off.
On the inside of the wound the platelet plug is re-absorbed.

33
Q

Why must plasma samples be processed quicker than serum samples?

A

The plasma sample still contains the cells and fibrinogen, the cells don’t live long outside of the body and they might start to die and contaminate the specimen so the sample should be processed quickly.

34
Q

Describe a lipaemic specimen?

A

A lipaemic specimen has an abnormally high concentration of lipids in the blood. It may appear white or milky due to the fat content

35
Q

In the chain of infection (6stages), what are the 3rd and 5th stages of transmission?

A

3rd stage is the ‘exit pathway’
The infectious agent leaves the reservoir vía eyes, nose, mouth, wounds, blood, faces, urine.
5th stage is the entry pathway- the ,infectious agent’ enters its host via body orifices, mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or mouth, cuts or breaks in the skin.

36
Q

Describe airborne transmission?

A

The infectious agent remains infectious for a longer period of time in the air. It is less than 5um diameter. It remains suspended in the air or in dust particles. It is generated by the host through coughing, sneezing, talking, and is then inhaled my a new host.

37
Q

What is the most common form on transmission in the chain of infection, there are two different types?

A

Direct contact is the most common- this is physical contact of a physical agent through close or intimate contact
Indirect contact transmission is the other form (less common) this can occur when a susceptible host touches an object such as clothing, bedding, phlebotomy equipment
Etc.

38
Q

In medical terms if you hear the words AIR, CONTACT, DROPLET, VECTOR OR VEHICLE what is indicated?

A

These words indicate all the forms of transmission in the infection chain. The mechanism used to travel from a reservoir to a susceptible host

39
Q

What organs are involved in the digestive system if the body

A

Mouth stomach intestines salivary glands esopagus

40
Q

What organ make up the circulatory or cardiovascular system of the human body

A

Heart lungs blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

41
Q

Why is it important to not short sample a blood culture specimen?

A

Because organisms that cause septicemia can be in concentrations as low as 1 organism per millilitres is blood. Short samples take longer to detect the bacteria. The more blood the better chance of harvesting the organism bacteremia

42
Q

What is iatrogenic anemia?

A

Iatrogenic anemia is physician inducted anemia. Caused from repeated blood testing, resulting in significant blood loss to patients

43
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Lumen is the internal space of the blood vessel through which blood can flow

44
Q

What is bacterial endocarditis (en’do-kar-ditis)

A

An infection of the lining of the heart most commonly caused be streptococci

45
Q

What is the 2 common patterns of the antecubical veins?

A

H or M

46
Q

Blood pressure is commonly measured using a blood pressure cuff, what artery is mostly used to obtain this reading?

A

The brachial artery in the upper arm

47
Q

What are the veins referred to in the antecubical fossa area?

A

The antecubical veins

48
Q

Where do you feel a persons pulse?

A

The pulse is most easily felt by pressing the radial artery on the thumb side of the wrist

49
Q

What does antecubital mean?

What does fossa mean?

A

Antecubital means in front of the elbow and fossa means small triangular depression (elbow pit)

50
Q

What are heart murmurs?

A

Abnormal heart sounds usually heart contraction (systole) makes one sound (Lubb), then the heart rest (diastole) makes another sound, (dubb)When your heart makes abnormal or different sounds it’s called heart murmurs

51
Q

What is a cardiac cycle and how long does it last?

A

One complete contraction and subsequent relaxation of the heart lasts for approx 0.8 sec and this is a cardiac cycle.

52
Q

What are electrolytes?

A 
Electrolytes are salts and minerals found in the blood. E. G.
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Bicarbonate
Chloride
Phosphate
53
Q

After a heart attack what enzymes does the heart muscle release into the blood stream?

A 
Creatine kinase (CK)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
54
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aorta or its opening

55
Q

What is diastole

A

Diastole is the relaxing phase of the cardiac cycle

56
Q

What is the contracting phase of the cardiac cycle called?

A

Systole

57
Q

How are the atrioventricular valves attached to the walls of the ventricles?

A

The antrioventricular valves are attached to the walls of the ventricles by thin threads of tissue called chordae tendineae
(Kor’de ten-din’e-e)

58
Q

What are the 5 codes of competencies outlined by the medical sciences council (NZ) for the practice of medical laboratory science?

A
  1. Practice as a professional
  2. Practice as a technician
  3. Safe practice
  4. Communication
  5. Culturally competent practice
59
Q

How do you practice as a technician ( one of the 5 codes of competencies set by medical science council NZ?

A

Have knowledge of the human anatomy and physiology, organ systems and disease.
Correct safe operation of laboratory equipment, running calibration and quality controls.
Recognise errors, interpret data and report.

60
Q

How can you act/practice as a professional as required in the 5 codes written by the medical science council NZ?

A

Act within the law, following all codes and legislation.
Be honest and trustworthy.
Maintain privacy and confidentiality
Always gain informed consent from patients.
Know your scope of practice

61
Q

How do you demonstrate effective communication (1 of the 5 codes of practice) as a medical laboratory science practitioner

A

Competence in written and oral English
Have a range of communication skills and be able to adjust to meet the recipients needs.
Make sure communication is clear concise and accurate.
Be able to record and report results accurately

62
Q

What organs are involved in the endocrine system of the human body?

A

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, testes, and ovaries, parathyroid, endocrine

63
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

The six components needed for the transmission of an infection?

  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Exit pathway
  4. Means of transmission
  5. Entry pathway
  6. Susceptible host
64
Q

What is an infectious agent?

A

An infectious agent could be a virus, a bacteria, a fungi, or a parasite

65
Q

What is the name of the place wherean infectious agent survives, grows and multiplies?

A

This is known as the reservoir e.g.

Humans, animals, food, water, soil, contaminated articles, equipment

66
Q

What does bacteremia mean?

A

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

67
Q

List the human body organ systems that all work together as a unit to ensure the body functions?
Clue there are 12

A

Circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, muscular system, lymphatic system, nervous system, reproductive system, skeletal system, urinary system, immune system.

68
Q

What does EDTA Stand for?

A

Ethylene Diamine tetra acetic acid

69
Q

How does EDTA work?

A

Function by binding calcium in the blood and keeping it from clotting

70
Q

What does myalgia mean

A

Muscle pain

71
Q

What is pertussis

A

This is whooping cough and requires droplet isolation

Nasal swab is used to test for whooping cough

72
Q

Name some Illnesses that require droplet precautions and how can you protect yourself?

A

influenza (flu), pertussis (whooping cough), mumps, and respiratory illnesses, such as those caused by coronavirus infections. Anyone who goes into the room should wear a surgical mask.

73
Q

What is a double voided urine and what are the tests it commonly tests for?

A

A double voided urine requires emptying the bladder & then waiting a specific amount of time before collecting the specimen
Tests are glucose and ketones.

74
Q

Explain a midstream urine

A

Initial urine is voided into the toilet, the urine flow is interrupted momentarily and the restarted. Urine is collected into a clean container. The last last of the urine flow is voided into the toilet.

75
Q

A 24 hour specimen for a urine creatinine also requires a blood test. At what time should the blood be drawn and what blood tube/ test?

A

A 24 hr urine creatinine also needs a blood creatinine. This should be drawn at the mid point of urine collection eg 12 hrs into 24 hour urine and a sst tube is required for serum creatinine

Jojos Phlebotomy (6 decks)

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