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Flashcards in Kidney Disease Presentation Deck (22)
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1
Q

What are the main symptoms which present in kidney disease?

A

Loin pain
Haematuria
Proteinuria
Hypertension

2
Q

Kidney disease can present as completely asymptomatic. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

often an incidental finding

3
Q

How does uraemia usually manifest?

A
pericarditis
encepalopathy
neuropathy
asterixis (bird flap tremor)
gastritis
4
Q

Electrolyte balance and hyperkalaemia are known to cause what?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

5
Q

Why does kidney disease present with anaemia?

A

Kidneys are struggling to produce erythropoeitin
=> this means less red blood cells are produced
=> anaemia

6
Q

What symptoms of kidney disease can cause patients to be breathless?

A
Acidosis
fluid overload (=> pulmonary oedema)
anaemia
7
Q

What specific urinary symptoms should the patient be asked about in a systemic enquiry?

A

frequency
urgency
hesitancy
polyuria and nocturia

8
Q

What factors must you look out for in a patients past medical history if you suspect kidney disease?

A
Previous kidney disease
Diabetes Mellitus
Vascular / Rheumatological disease
Surgery
TB
9
Q

What drugs should you be aware of in a history for the possibility of them causing renal disease?

A
ACE-i/ARB, 
Diuretics 
NSAIDs
Antibiotics: gentamicin, trimethoprim, penicillins
PPIs
10
Q

If a patient has recently been for imaging, what could have caused their kidney disease?

A

Contrast used for scans

11
Q

What is meant by accelerated hypertension?

A
  • diastolic BP >120 mmHg
  • papilloedema
  • end-organ decompensation
  • encephalopathy/ fits, cardiac/renal failure
12
Q

What visible signs can indicate underlying kidney pathology?

A
Leukonychia
Gouty Tophi
Splinter haemorrhages
Vasculitic Rash (e.g. HSP)
Malar Rash (Lupus)
13
Q

What would cause the urine to appear a dark red/brown colour?

A

Myoglobin released into urine from muscle death in Rhabdomyolosis

14
Q

What level of protein in the urine is considered as nephrotic?

A

> 3g a day

15
Q

What are urinary casts?

A
  • Microscopic cylindrical structures
  • Produced by the kidney
  • Present in the urine in certain diseases
  • Form via precipitation of Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein - - secreted by renal tubule cells
16
Q

What urinary cast would indicate infection/inflammation?

A

Leukocyte

17
Q

What type of urinary cast indicates nephritic syndrome?

A

Red cells

18
Q

Granular urinary casts indicate what type of process?

A

Chronic disease

19
Q

Hyperkalaemia causes what main ECG change?

A

Peaked T waves

20
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A
  • Decline in GFR

- with or without oliguria

21
Q

What are the components of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • Proteinuria >3 g/day
  • Hypoalbuminaemia
  • Oedema (periorbital, limbs and hands)
22
Q

What are the components of nephritic syndrome?

A
  • AKI
  • Oliguria
  • Oedema/ Fluid retention (not to the extent of nephrOtic)
  • Hypertension