Surface anatomy 2 major divisions
Axial
&
Appendicular
Anatomical position
When referring to specific areas of human body , this is universally accepted standard
Axial
Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body
Appendicular
Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis
Abdominal
anterior body trunk region inferior to ribs
ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body, in front of
acromial
-“pertaining” to the point of the shoulder
antebrachial
” “ to forearm
antecubital
” “ to the anterior surface of the elbow
axillary
” “ to armpit
Brachial
” “ to the arm
Buccal
” “ to the cheek
Carpal
” “ to the wrist
Cephalic
” “ to the head
Cervical
” “ to the neck region
Coxal
” “ to the hip
Crural
” “ to the leg
Digital
” “ to the fingers or toes
Femoral
” “ to the thigh
Frontal
” “ to the forehead
Inguinal
” “ to the groin
mental
” “ to the chin
Nasal
” “ to the nose
oral
” “ to the mouth
palmar
” “ to the palm of the hand
patellar
” “ to the anterior knee (kneecap) region
Pedal
” “ to the foot
Pelvic
” “ to the pelvis region
Sternal -ant
” “ to the region of the breastbone
Tarsal-ant
” “ to the ankle
Thoracic-ant
” “ to the chest
Umbillical-ant
” “ to the navel
dorsum- posterior
” “ to the back
Gluteal- posterior
” “ to the buttocks or rump
Lumbar- posterior
” “ to the area of the back
Occipital- post
” “ to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
dorsal- posterior
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Otic- post
” “ to the ear
perineal-post
” “ to the region between anus and external genitalia
Plantar-post
” “ to the sole of the foot
Popliteal-post
” “ to the back of the knee
Sacral-post
” “ to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
Sural-post
” “ to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
vertebral
” “ to the area of the spinal column
Superior
-above
structures that appear above other structures
Inferior
-below
structures are always below other structures
medial
- toward the midline
ex. nose is medial to cheekbones
lateral
away from the midline or median plane
-ex. thumb is lateral to ring finger
cranial
-toward the head
caudal
toward the tail
dorsal
backside
-“dorsum” Latin= back
ventral
belly side
-“venter” Latin= belly
proximal
- nearer the trunk or attached end
- ex. knee is proximal to the toes, the wrist is proximal to the hand
distal
- -attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment
- ex. fingers are distal to elbow
superficial(external)
- toward or at the body surface
ex. skin is superficial too the skeleton muscles
deep (internal)
- -away from the body surface
- ex. lungs are deep to the rib cage
section
cut
Plane
imaginary line or surface made through body wall or through an organ
-3 planes that lie at right angles to one another:
Saggital, Frontal, Transverse
Sagittal plane
a plane that runs longitudinally and divides body into right and left parts is referred to as a sagitall plane
- right down the middle of the body
Frontal plane or coronal plane
- the frontal plane is a longitudinal place that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane
- transverse runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
- organs- the sections are called cross sections
body cavities
the axial portion of the body has 2 large cavities: dorsal, ventral
Dorsal body cavity
-subdivided into cranial cavity and vertebral(spinal) cavity
cranial cavity
- the brain is enclosed within a rigid skull
vertebral(spinal)
- within which the delicate spinal cord is a continuation of the brain
ventral body cavity
subdivisions: Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cav, abdominal cav., pelvic cav.
superior thoracic cavity
- separated from the rest of ventral cav. by the dome-shaped diaphragm
- heart in lungs are in thoracic cav. are protected by bony rib cage
abdominopelvic cavity
- cavity inferior to diaphragm
abdominal cavity
- area that houses the stomach, intestines, liver, etc.
pelvic cavity
region that is partially enclosed by bony pelvis and contains reproductive organs, bladder and rectum
serosa
serous membrane
-exceedingly thin, double layered membrane found in walls of ventral cav. and outer surfaces of organs
parietal serosa
-part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
visceral serosa
-covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity
peritoneum
serosa lining the abdominal cavity
pleura
serosa enclosing lungs
pericardium
serosa around the heart
quadrants
4 equal regions that divide the abdominal surface and abdominopelvic cavity deep
- right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quad, left lower quad
abdominal surface and abdominopelvic cavity are separated into…
9 separate regions by four planes
Umbilical region
the centermost region, includes the umbilicus
Epigastric region
immediately superior to the umbilical region; overlies most of the stomach
Hypogastric(pubic) regions
Immediately inferior to the umbilical region; encompasses the pubic area
Iliac (inguinal) regions
Lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones
Lumbar regions
Between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region
Hypochondriac regions
Flanking the epigastric region laterally and overlying the lower ribs
oral cavity
the oral cavity, mouth, contains the tongue and teeth
nasal cavity
Located within the posterior to the nose
orbital cavity
the orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position
middle ear cavities
- each middle ear cavity lies just medial to an eardrum and is carved into the bony skull
- contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ears
Synovial cavities
-Synovial cav.s are joint cav.s- they are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body, such as those between the vertebrae and the knee and hip joints