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Pathology > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What does Urolithiasis mean?

A

Formation of stones at any level of urinary system

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2
Q

The increased concentration of stone constituents in the urine so that it exceeds their solubility in this fluid is known as?

A

Supersaturation

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3
Q

75% of all stones in urinary tract are made of?

A

Calcium oxalate or a combination of calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate.

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4
Q

What percent of stones are made of magnesium ammonium phosphate?

A

10-15%

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5
Q

What is an aka for stones made of magnesium ammonium phosphate?

A

Triple stones

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6
Q

T or F

Triple stones typically form in highly acidic environments

A

False

Alkaline
- Vegans

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7
Q

What structures on a normal A-P lumbo-pelvic film will appear radiopaque?

A

Vertebra
Pelvic bones
Sacrum
Ribs

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8
Q

T or F

If someone has triple stones it is important to check for a UTI

A

False

We can rule a UTI out

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9
Q

T or F

Majority of urinary tract stones are formed in acidic environments

A

True

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10
Q

Is urine normally weakly acidic or weakly basic?

A

Acidic

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11
Q

What bacteria is the most powerful converter of urea into alkalinic properties?

A

Proteus Vulgaris

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12
Q

Too much uric acid in the blood is called?

A

Hyperuricemia

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13
Q

What is the most common pathology associated with hyperuricemia?

A

Gout

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14
Q

What stones will appear radiolucent?

A

Uric Acid

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15
Q

T or F

Gram + bacillus react with urea and causes a basic environment of urine.

A

False

Gram - bacillus

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16
Q

Name the different zones of the prostate

A

Central Zone
Transitional Zone
Peri-urethral Zone

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17
Q

T or F

The various lobes in the prostate are found when dissecting adult male prostates.

A

False

Only found in dissection of fetus.

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18
Q

Which zone of the prostate is located away from the urethra?

A

2nd group of lobes - Peripheral Zone

* if tumor develops here the urethra is not compressed.

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19
Q

T or F

Prostatic Adenoma is a malignant tumor originating from glandular tissue.

A

False

Benign

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20
Q

What is an aka for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

Prostatic Adenoma

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21
Q

List some signs of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

Bladder fills to a point before it must be emptied
- ex: tutor takes up 30ml and the point the bladder can fill becomes 70 ml and the patient will use bathroom very frequently.
Tumor may also obstruct urethra resulting in dribbling.
Increased abd pressure will be used to help pee and can cause herniation.

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22
Q

Where do does BPH develop 70% of the time?

A

Peripheral zone

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23
Q

Pouching of an empty organ wall is known as?

A

Diverticuli

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24
Q

T or F

Diverticuli are common in the kidney

A

False

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25
Q

Where do we commonly see diverticuli in the body?

A

Colon

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26
Q

Descending of the kidney that can happen when weight loss happens too quickly is referred to as?

A

Nephroptosis

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27
Q

List some complications of Nephroptosis

A

Evacuation of urine is impaired because the ureter gets kinked as well because the kidney descends gravity becomes an issue and urine cannot escape.
Pyelonephritis because urine is not washed out as easily and creates ideal conditions for bacterial growth

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28
Q

List different mechanisms that contribute to epithelial injury

A

Infection of mucosa - leads to sloughing of epithelial
Vitamin A deficiency
B6 deficiency

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29
Q

What is the maximal concentration of chemicals that can be dissolved in urine?

A

5 units per 100 mL

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30
Q

Staghorn calculus is made up of?

A

magnesium
ammonium phosphate
Cysteine
sometimes - phosphates and even oxalates

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31
Q

Where in the kidney do Staghorn calculus build up?

A

Renal pelvis

32
Q

What pathology does Staghorn Calculus lead to if not addressed?

A

Hydronephrosis - distention of kidney pelvis with accompanying atrophy of kidney parenchyma due to obstruction of the urine outflow.

33
Q

What pathology does Staghorn Calculus lead to if not addressed?

A

Hydronephrosis - distention of kidney pelvis with accompanying atrophy of kidney parenchyma due to obstruction of the urine outflow.

34
Q

T or F

Stricture of Ureter is usually acquired but sometimes congenital

A

True

35
Q

What does stricture mean?

A

Narrowing of empty organ

36
Q

Urethral colic aka ?

A

Renal colic

37
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction resulting in hydronephrosis?

A

Urethral Colic

38
Q

What does colic mean?

A

General name of severe pain due to spasm of empty organs.

39
Q

When a kidney stone moves from pelvis into ureter and gets stuck because lumen is too small the terrible pain that develops is usually located where in the body?

A

Pain develops in kidney and spreads in flank area into the ipsilateral genitals and inner surface of proximal thigh

40
Q

What does Lithotripsy mean?

A

Removal of bladder stone

41
Q

Acute inflammation of urinary bladder = ?

A

Acute Cystitis

42
Q

T or F

Gram + rods are responsible for acute cystitis

A

False

Gram - rods

43
Q

What bacteria contribute to UTI

A 
E.Coli 
Staphylococcus 
Streptococcus 
Gonorrhea, trichomonas vaginalis, chlamydia 
Candida Albicans.
44
Q

aka for Monila

A

Candida albicans

45
Q

List the predisposing factors to Acute Cystitis

A
  1. Exposure of female pelvic organs to cold
  2. Installation of catheter
  3. Tumors, stones in bladder
  4. Procrastination to urinate
  5. Foreign bodies in bladder.
46
Q

Acute Cystitis and what other condition go together?

A

Acute ovarian inflammation

47
Q

Where are proteins digested and what enzyme is responsible

A

Stomach by pepsin and in the duodenum by trypsin

48
Q

What is the precursor of trypsin? Where in the body is it converted into trypsin

A

Trypsinogen produced by the pancreas and converted to trypsin in the duodenum

49
Q

Why does pepsin not work in the duodenum?

A

The environment is basic and pepsin is activated in an acidic environment.

50
Q

What enzyme helps to digest fat?

A

Lipase

51
Q

Carbs are broken down in the mouth by?

A

Amylase

52
Q

What produces amylase?

A

Salivary glands

53
Q

T or F

Stomach is located in the RUQ

A

False

LUQ

54
Q

What is the function of the fundus of the stomach?

A

Accumulation of gas

55
Q

On what side of the patient will a gastric air bubble appear on films?

A

Left

56
Q

The esopho-gastric junction is called?

A

Cardia of the stomach

57
Q

What is Barrett Esophagus?

A

Back flow of stomach irritates esophageal mucosa. Irritates distal 2 cm of esophagus causing inflammation and irritation of distal esophagus. Chronic acid reflux

58
Q

What is a danger or Barrett Esophagus. What can it lead to?

A

Could lead to metaplasia of mucosa
Replacement of squamous epithelial cells of esophagus mucosa replaced with columnar epithelial cells from the stomach. Predisposes to esophageal cancer.

59
Q

This condition is permanent or frequent reflux of acid into the esophagus and can lead to aspiration pneumonia

A

Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease

60
Q

Where is the favourite place for peptic ulcer and stomach cancer?

A

Lesser curvature

61
Q

80% of peptic ulcers can develop where?

A

Pylorus

62
Q

Name the structure that is right next to pyloric canal and is vulnerable to stomach acid

A

Duodenal Bulb

63
Q

Describe the pyloric reflex

A

The more acidic the environment of stomach, the narrower the lumen of the pyloric canal. This protects the duodenum from irritation

64
Q

What type of cells line the inner surface of the stomach

A

Tall columnar epithelial without goblet mucous producing cells

65
Q

Where are goblet mucous producing cells found in the body?

A

Duodenal wall, intestinal mucosa, tracheal bronchial tree

66
Q

Parietal cells produce?

A

HCL

Intrinsic factor

67
Q

List the functions of HCL

A

Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
Keeps pepsin active
Antibacterial action

68
Q

Neural stimulation of parietal cells is by what nerve?

A

Parasympathetic fibres of the Vagus

69
Q

T or F

Endocrine stimulation of parietal cells is made by CKK

A

False

Gastrin

70
Q

What is the local stimulator of parietal cells?

A

Histamine

71
Q

Zymogen Cells aka

A

Chief cells

72
Q

Pepsinogen is produced by what cells?

A

Chief Cells

73
Q

T or F

Death of parietal cells leads to no intrinsic factor

A

True

74
Q

What do G cells produce?

A

The endocrine stimulator for HCL production

75
Q

Where are G cells located?

A

The astro-pyloric area of the stomach.

Pathology (6 decks)

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