Landraces and On farm conservation Flashcards

1
Q

Why define landraces?

A

Explains what they are and include, required for intellectual property rights, farmers rights and access to benefit sharing

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2
Q

Issues with defining landraces

A

Do you include wildtypes? just farmers varieties?

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3
Q

Different types of landraces

A

Agro-ecotypes, heritage varieties, selection, folk variety, heirloom and local variety

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4
Q

Define Landraces

A

Populations that have evolved in subsistence agricultural societies as a result of millennia-long, artificial human selection pressures, mediated through human migration, seed exchanges as well as natural selection

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5
Q

Features attributed to landraces

A
Historical origin
Distinct identity 
Lacks formal crop improvement
Genetically diverse
Locally adapted 
Uses traditional farming systems
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6
Q

Threats to landraces

A
Unknown how many exist
Older generation maintain landraces
Farmers need to maintain commerciality and grow high yields
Seed companies promote modern cultivars
No comprehensive inventory
Costs £4.5k to register seeds
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7
Q

Landrace case study

A

67 LR found in Scotland, formed database

The survey was incomplete due to lack of funding, majority where just sustained by one person

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8
Q

Scottish Highlands

A

Have the highest levels of biodiversity, soils are high in magnesium (machair), high yielding varieties won’t grow on these soils
Grown by ageing populations and area is becoming more and more depopulated and subsidy payments keep changing
Barnacle geese eat the crops so the RSPB now fund the farmers

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9
Q

How to establish national landrace inventory

A

What constitutes a LR? nomenclatural, real genetic diversity
Scope of inventory
The scale of cultivation: commercial/single farmer/Home garden
Collate information regarding to LR diversity

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10
Q

How to collate information regarding LR diversity

A
Ex situ duplication
Expert advice 
Commerical companies 
Scientific literature 
Unpublished reports
Internet searches 
Official documents
farmer interviews
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11
Q

Define on-farm conservation

A

Sustainable management of genetic diversity of locally developed traditional crop varieties with associated wild and weedy species or forms by farmers within traditional agricultural, horticultural or agri-silvicultural cultivation systems
Lead by farmers

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12
Q

Phases of on-farm conservation project

A
  1. Site selection
  2. On-farm project sustainability
  3. Identify on-farm project partners
  4. Implementation of on-farm management plan
  5. On-farm monitoring
  6. Review of on-farm management
  7. Utilise diversity
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13
Q

Explain site selection

A
Need high levels of genetic diversity 
Interest from the community
Lack of previous conservation 
The threat of genetic erosion 
High pest and disease diversity 
Presence of wild relatives
Sustainability and cost
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14
Q

Explain project sustainability

A

No industrial projects planned
Market for the produce
Farmers are keen
Funding and development

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15
Q

On-farm project partners

A

Farmers/Small landholders who want to grow LR
Agricultural extension workers
NGOs
Community leaders

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16
Q

Explain implementation of on-farm conservaiton

A
Need to state targets, 
specific 
LR present at all sites
Proposed interventions 
Training and research agendas