Sagittal/Median/Midsagittial divides the body into ___.
Right/left halves
Frontal/coronal plane divides the body into _____.
front/back
Horizontal/transverse/axial divides the body into ____.
top/bottom
A plane is ____ points, an axis is a _____.
3/more
Just a line
The midline of the foot is thru the ___ digit, parasagittal is thru the ____ digit.
2nd digit
4th digit
The axial skeleton includes the ____ of the body, the appendicular skeleton includes the _____.
Central of body (cranium, mandible, vertebrae column, ribs, sternum)
Bones of extremity
The os coxae is part of the _____, the sacrum/coccyx are _____ skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton
Axial
_____ is a decrease in joint angle in which 2 embryologically-ventral surfaces are brought closer together
Flexion
_____ is an increase in joint angle in which 2 embryologically ventral surfaces are brought further apart
Extension
The _____ is where the gravitational vector acting from the body’s center of gravity to the center of the earth.
LOG
The ___ is a point where the mass of an object can be considered concentrated
ALL unit masses are equally distributed
COG
The LOG when standing
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Hip- Behind
Knee- In front
Ankle- In front
The LOG when standing limits
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Hip hyperextension
Knee hyperextension
Ankle dorsiflexion
The gait cycle is composed of ____ stride or ____ step
One stride, 2 steps
The initial contact in gait is ____
Heel strike
The GFR is a resultant of _____________ acting on extremity at any given time
gravitational, muscular, momentum forces
GFR at midstance
Hip
Knee
Ankle
At the hip
Knee behind
Ankle in front of
At GFR mid stance one limb is off ground. What is active
Hip abductors on stance side to prevent sagging
(glut medius/glut minimus)
Knee extensors are active
Plantar flexors stabilize
Compensatory Trendelenburg gait is when individual compensates for weak _______ by shifting trunk to the _____ side during midstance
glut med/min
To affected side
In the dermis, there is an interweaving of ______ and ____, running in ______ directions.
Collagen/elastic fibers
the same directions
An incision made _____ to tension lines decreases likelihood of gaping, time healing, and scarring bc of fibers
parallel
The Langer’s lines on the plantar aspect of the foot run ______
longitudinally from prox. to distal
The Langer’s lines on the dorsal of the foot run ______ on the medial side and ______ on the lateral side
Longitudinally on medial side
Anterolaterally on the lateral side
The ____ is vascularized and contains hair follicles, arrestor muscles + sebaceous glands
Dermis
Most nerve terminals are found in the _____
dermis
The _____ contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves
subcutaneous tissue
Skin ligaments connect the dermis to the ____
deep fascia
____ is a denser, organized connective tissue devoid of fat that forms osteofascial compartments
Deep fascia
On the ____ of the foot, the skin is thick and hairless w/ a great deal of fatty tissue w/ papillary ridges
plantar
____ bone is solid and dense and contributes to the thickness of long bone shafts, while ____ is porous and found inside small bones and at the ends of long bones
Compact
Cancelleous
____ bone can hypertrophy in response to mechanical demands
Cortical
The ____ is found at the end of long bones, while ____ is the shaft.
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
The ____ is the expanded flare of a long bone and the medullary cavity is the tube area deficient of bone and filled w/ marrow
Metaphysis
Medullary cavity
During youth, a layer of cartilage called the _____ separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
epiphyseal
A____ joint formed between two articular surfaces ie interphalangeal joint
Simple
A ____ joint is formed by 3 or more articular surfaces
Compound
A _____ joint is possessing a disc or a meniscus
complex
A _____ joint is a combination of a compound and complex joint, like the patella
Composite
What are fibrous, synarthrosis joints?
Bones connects by fibrous connective tissue
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
What are cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints?
Hyaline cartilage covered bones
The cartilage of a growth plate on a long bone is considered a ____
primary cartilaginous or synchondrosis
The pubic symphysis is a _
secondary cartilaginous
A synovial joint has surfaces covered in______ and contains a _______ w/ synovial membrane
Cartilage (usually hyaline)
Joint capsule
_____ is a gliding movement of one bone on other, movement is linear (non axial) , common in both synovial/nonsynovial
Translation
Flexion and extension takes place about a _____ axis and is common in only _____ joints
Transverse axis
Synovial only
At a given joint, translation and rotation can occur ______
Concomitantly
At plane/gliding, ____ motion occurs
Nonaxial/translation
At pivot/trochoid ____ motion occurs
Uniaxial
At hinge/ginglymus, _____ motion occurs
Uniaxial/flexion + extension
At condyloid/ellipsoid, _____ motion occurs
Biaxial/flexion + extension
Abductoin/adduction
Circumduction
At saddle/sellar, _____ motion occurs
Biaxial/ flexion + extension
Abduction/adduction
Circumduction
At ball and socket/sphenoid, ______ motion occurs
multiaxial Flexion + extension Adbduction/Adduction Circumduction Medial/lateral rotation
Osteogenesis occurs through _______ ossification or __________ ossification
intramembraneous
endochondral
In intramembranous ossification, flat bones get calcium deposited directly into ________
mesenchymal (primitive mesoderm)
In endochondral ossification , _______ transitions to ______, and calcium is deposited into _______
Mesenchyme that transitions to cartilaginous model
Cartilatingous model (precursor to bone)
What are the three stages of endochondral ossification?
Mesenchymal, cartilaginous, osseous
At what stage of endochondral ossification do joints form?
Cartilaginous
During cartilaginous stage, mesenchymal cells condense into ______, which form hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes
During osseous stage, ____ enters the cartilaginous model to bring forward osteoblasts
blood vessels
The _____ ossification center is formed after osteoblasts bind to mineralize matrix and deposit bone matrices
primary ossification center
The _____ ossification center is formed when bloodd vessels enter epiphyses
secondary ossification center
Growth of bone is maintained by proliferation of ______ w/i the epiphyseal plate
chondrocytes
When bone achieves full length, growth plate becomes _____
synostosis
In the formation of fibrous/cartilaginous joints, the mesenchyme at the intervene differentiates into a ____________
single layer of fibrocartilage
The joint between the tibia/fibula and ulna/humerous is _____
syndesmosis
In ______, the body is twisted away from midline (knock-kneed)
Valgus
In _____ the body is twisted towards the midline (bow-legged)
Varus
In hallux valgus, there is a _____ deviation of hallux
Lateral
In hallux varus, there is a ______ deviation of hallux
medial
At week 4, lower limb buds appear and point ________ and _______
Laterally and caudually/inferiorly
At 4 weeks, each limb bud has a ________ core, covered by _______
mesenchymal core of mesoderm
Ectoderm
What border becomes the future site of the hallux?
Superior prefixal border (L2-L4)
What border becomes the future site of the 5th pedal digit? What s the most distal segment in the adult limb?
Inferior postaxial border (L5-S3)
Most distal is L4-S1
At week 6, the knees point _____, and the legs and feet have rotated ______
Knees laterally
Rotated internally.
At week 6, the medial side of the hallux points _____ and the plantar of the foot face the ____
Medial hallux points superiorly
Plantar of the foot faces trunk
At week _____, the foot is in equinus-supinated position
week 8
Rotation #1 happens at 6 weeks from _______ to ______
coronal to parasagittal
Rotation #2 happens ______ while upper limb is _____
Rotation #2 medially while laterally in upper limb
At week 4, _____ develop with a ______ (inner core) and a ______ (outside layer)
Limb buds develop w/ mesoderm and ectoderm
______ at 4 week turns into lateral plate to become bones ligaments and tendons + dermis
Mesoderm
At week 5, limb buds become ______ w/ a _____ at the tip
paddles w/ apical ectodermal ridge
During week ____, distinct thigh, leg foot and a footplate is formed
week 5
At week __, toe rays become visible
week 6
At week __, notches develop and digits become webbed
week 7
By week __, all regions LL are well defined
week 8
What ossifies first?
Femur + tibia
Ilium
In the skeletal system, mesenchymal condensations in the proximal limb are distinct by week ___
week 5
At week __ in the skeletal system, chrondrocytes form the hyaline cartilage models and joints form
midweek- femur, tibia, fibula chondrify
end of week- tarsals and metatarsals
week 6
By week __, everything is chondrified except for the distal phalanges and primary ossification centers begin to appear
week 7
By week __, distal phalanges chondriy and tibia begins to ossify
week 8
By week __, the ilium begins to ossify followed by the metatarsals and the phalanges
week 9
By week __, most primary ossification centers are present in long bones
week 12
By week ___, the ischium begins to ossify
week 15
The ____ is the last tarsal bone to ossify
Navicular
At week 6-7 in the development of the arterial system, the _____ artery retreat and the ____ artery elongates to form the femoral artery
sciatic artery retreats, the external iliac artery forms the femoral artery
At week 6-7 in the development of the arterial system, the _______ develops from the union of the femoral artery and popliteal artery
posterior tibial artery
By week 8 in the development of the arterial system, the ______ and the ____ arteries take over the foot plexuses
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
By week 8, the remaining portions of the sciatic artery at _____, ______ and ______
Inferior gluteal artery, popliteal and fibular artery
If the sciatic artery does not go away, there is ______
Persistan sciatic artery
The thigh/leg/foot have developed from the dorsal/ extensor compartment have rotated _____. The form the _____ and ____ compartments of the lower limb
rotated anteriorly
Anterior/lateral compartments of LL
The thigh/leg/foot that have developed in the ventral/flexor compartment have rotated ______. These muscles form the ____ and ___ muscles of the lower limb
rotated posteriorly
form the posterior/medial compartments of LL
Developmentally ____ muscles are associated with the postaxial border
dorsal
Developmentally _____ muscles are associated with the preaxial border
ventral
Posterior division of ventral rami will supply the _____
developmentally dorsal muscles / postaxial
Anterior division of ventral rami will supply the ____
developmentally ventral muscles / preaxial
The duplication of digits is called ______
polydactyly
______ results from the mesenchyme not undergoing apoptosis
Cutaneous syndactyly