LEA Written Final Part 1 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in LEA Written Final Part 1 Deck (107)
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1
Q

Sagittal/Median/Midsagittial divides the body into ___.

A

Right/left halves

2
Q

Frontal/coronal plane divides the body into _____.

A

front/back

3
Q

Horizontal/transverse/axial divides the body into ____.

A

top/bottom

4
Q

A plane is ____ points, an axis is a _____.

A

3/more

Just a line

5
Q

The midline of the foot is thru the ___ digit, parasagittal is thru the ____ digit.

A

2nd digit

4th digit

6
Q

The axial skeleton includes the ____ of the body, the appendicular skeleton includes the _____.

A

Central of body (cranium, mandible, vertebrae column, ribs, sternum)

Bones of extremity

7
Q

The os coxae is part of the _____, the sacrum/coccyx are _____ skeleton.

A

Appendicular skeleton

Axial

8
Q

_____ is a decrease in joint angle in which 2 embryologically-ventral surfaces are brought closer together

A

Flexion

9
Q

_____ is an increase in joint angle in which 2 embryologically ventral surfaces are brought further apart

A

Extension

10
Q

The _____ is where the gravitational vector acting from the body’s center of gravity to the center of the earth.

A

LOG

11
Q

The ___ is a point where the mass of an object can be considered concentrated

ALL unit masses are equally distributed

A

COG

12
Q

The LOG when standing
Hip
Knee
Ankle

A

Hip- Behind
Knee- In front
Ankle- In front

13
Q

The LOG when standing limits
Hip
Knee
Ankle

A

Hip hyperextension
Knee hyperextension
Ankle dorsiflexion

14
Q

The gait cycle is composed of ____ stride or ____ step

A

One stride, 2 steps

15
Q

The initial contact in gait is ____

A

Heel strike

16
Q

The GFR is a resultant of _____________ acting on extremity at any given time

A

gravitational, muscular, momentum forces

17
Q

GFR at midstance
Hip
Knee
Ankle

A

At the hip
Knee behind
Ankle in front of

18
Q

At GFR mid stance one limb is off ground. What is active

A

Hip abductors on stance side to prevent sagging
(glut medius/glut minimus)

Knee extensors are active

Plantar flexors stabilize

19
Q

Compensatory Trendelenburg gait is when individual compensates for weak _______ by shifting trunk to the _____ side during midstance

A

glut med/min

To affected side

20
Q

In the dermis, there is an interweaving of ______ and ____, running in ______ directions.

A

Collagen/elastic fibers

the same directions

21
Q

An incision made _____ to tension lines decreases likelihood of gaping, time healing, and scarring bc of fibers

A

parallel

22
Q

The Langer’s lines on the plantar aspect of the foot run ______

A

longitudinally from prox. to distal

23
Q

The Langer’s lines on the dorsal of the foot run ______ on the medial side and ______ on the lateral side

A

Longitudinally on medial side

Anterolaterally on the lateral side

24
Q

The ____ is vascularized and contains hair follicles, arrestor muscles + sebaceous glands

A

Dermis

25
Q

Most nerve terminals are found in the _____

A

dermis

26
Q

The _____ contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves

A

subcutaneous tissue

27
Q

Skin ligaments connect the dermis to the ____

A

deep fascia

28
Q

____ is a denser, organized connective tissue devoid of fat that forms osteofascial compartments

A

Deep fascia

29
Q

On the ____ of the foot, the skin is thick and hairless w/ a great deal of fatty tissue w/ papillary ridges

A

plantar

30
Q

____ bone is solid and dense and contributes to the thickness of long bone shafts, while ____ is porous and found inside small bones and at the ends of long bones

A

Compact

Cancelleous

31
Q

____ bone can hypertrophy in response to mechanical demands

A

Cortical

32
Q

The ____ is found at the end of long bones, while ____ is the shaft.

A

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

33
Q

The ____ is the expanded flare of a long bone and the medullary cavity is the tube area deficient of bone and filled w/ marrow

A

Metaphysis

Medullary cavity

34
Q

During youth, a layer of cartilage called the _____ separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

A

epiphyseal

35
Q

A____ joint formed between two articular surfaces ie interphalangeal joint

A

Simple

36
Q

A ____ joint is formed by 3 or more articular surfaces

A

Compound

37
Q

A _____ joint is possessing a disc or a meniscus

A

complex

38
Q

A _____ joint is a combination of a compound and complex joint, like the patella

A

Composite

39
Q

What are fibrous, synarthrosis joints?

A

Bones connects by fibrous connective tissue

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

40
Q

What are cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage covered bones

41
Q

The cartilage of a growth plate on a long bone is considered a ____

A

primary cartilaginous or synchondrosis

42
Q

The pubic symphysis is a _

A

secondary cartilaginous

43
Q

A synovial joint has surfaces covered in______ and contains a _______ w/ synovial membrane

A

Cartilage (usually hyaline)

Joint capsule

44
Q

_____ is a gliding movement of one bone on other, movement is linear (non axial) , common in both synovial/nonsynovial

A

Translation

45
Q

Flexion and extension takes place about a _____ axis and is common in only _____ joints

A

Transverse axis

Synovial only

46
Q

At a given joint, translation and rotation can occur ______

A

Concomitantly

47
Q

At plane/gliding, ____ motion occurs

A

Nonaxial/translation

48
Q

At pivot/trochoid ____ motion occurs

A

Uniaxial

49
Q

At hinge/ginglymus, _____ motion occurs

A

Uniaxial/flexion + extension

50
Q

At condyloid/ellipsoid, _____ motion occurs

A

Biaxial/flexion + extension
Abductoin/adduction
Circumduction

51
Q

At saddle/sellar, _____ motion occurs

A

Biaxial/ flexion + extension
Abduction/adduction
Circumduction

52
Q

At ball and socket/sphenoid, ______ motion occurs

A
multiaxial
Flexion + extension
Adbduction/Adduction
Circumduction
Medial/lateral rotation
53
Q

Osteogenesis occurs through _______ ossification or __________ ossification

A

intramembraneous

endochondral

54
Q

In intramembranous ossification, flat bones get calcium deposited directly into ________

A

mesenchymal (primitive mesoderm)

55
Q

In endochondral ossification , _______ transitions to ______, and calcium is deposited into _______

A

Mesenchyme that transitions to cartilaginous model

Cartilatingous model (precursor to bone)

56
Q

What are the three stages of endochondral ossification?

A

Mesenchymal, cartilaginous, osseous

57
Q

At what stage of endochondral ossification do joints form?

A

Cartilaginous

58
Q

During cartilaginous stage, mesenchymal cells condense into ______, which form hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocytes

59
Q

During osseous stage, ____ enters the cartilaginous model to bring forward osteoblasts

A

blood vessels

60
Q

The _____ ossification center is formed after osteoblasts bind to mineralize matrix and deposit bone matrices

A

primary ossification center

61
Q

The _____ ossification center is formed when bloodd vessels enter epiphyses

A

secondary ossification center

62
Q

Growth of bone is maintained by proliferation of ______ w/i the epiphyseal plate

A

chondrocytes

63
Q

When bone achieves full length, growth plate becomes _____

A

synostosis

64
Q

In the formation of fibrous/cartilaginous joints, the mesenchyme at the intervene differentiates into a ____________

A

single layer of fibrocartilage

65
Q

The joint between the tibia/fibula and ulna/humerous is _____

A

syndesmosis

66
Q

In ______, the body is twisted away from midline (knock-kneed)

A

Valgus

67
Q

In _____ the body is twisted towards the midline (bow-legged)

A

Varus

68
Q

In hallux valgus, there is a _____ deviation of hallux

A

Lateral

69
Q

In hallux varus, there is a ______ deviation of hallux

A

medial

70
Q

At week 4, lower limb buds appear and point ________ and _______

A

Laterally and caudually/inferiorly

71
Q

At 4 weeks, each limb bud has a ________ core, covered by _______

A

mesenchymal core of mesoderm

Ectoderm

72
Q

What border becomes the future site of the hallux?

A

Superior prefixal border (L2-L4)

73
Q

What border becomes the future site of the 5th pedal digit? What s the most distal segment in the adult limb?

A

Inferior postaxial border (L5-S3)

Most distal is L4-S1

74
Q

At week 6, the knees point _____, and the legs and feet have rotated ______

A

Knees laterally

Rotated internally.

75
Q

At week 6, the medial side of the hallux points _____ and the plantar of the foot face the ____

A

Medial hallux points superiorly

Plantar of the foot faces trunk

76
Q

At week _____, the foot is in equinus-supinated position

A

week 8

77
Q

Rotation #1 happens at 6 weeks from _______ to ______

A

coronal to parasagittal

78
Q

Rotation #2 happens ______ while upper limb is _____

A

Rotation #2 medially while laterally in upper limb

79
Q

At week 4, _____ develop with a ______ (inner core) and a ______ (outside layer)

A

Limb buds develop w/ mesoderm and ectoderm

80
Q

______ at 4 week turns into lateral plate to become bones ligaments and tendons + dermis

A

Mesoderm

81
Q

At week 5, limb buds become ______ w/ a _____ at the tip

A

paddles w/ apical ectodermal ridge

82
Q

During week ____, distinct thigh, leg foot and a footplate is formed

A

week 5

83
Q

At week __, toe rays become visible

A

week 6

84
Q

At week __, notches develop and digits become webbed

A

week 7

85
Q

By week __, all regions LL are well defined

A

week 8

86
Q

What ossifies first?

A

Femur + tibia

Ilium

87
Q

In the skeletal system, mesenchymal condensations in the proximal limb are distinct by week ___

A

week 5

88
Q

At week __ in the skeletal system, chrondrocytes form the hyaline cartilage models and joints form
midweek- femur, tibia, fibula chondrify
end of week- tarsals and metatarsals

A

week 6

89
Q

By week __, everything is chondrified except for the distal phalanges and primary ossification centers begin to appear

A

week 7

90
Q

By week __, distal phalanges chondriy and tibia begins to ossify

A

week 8

91
Q

By week __, the ilium begins to ossify followed by the metatarsals and the phalanges

A

week 9

92
Q

By week __, most primary ossification centers are present in long bones

A

week 12

93
Q

By week ___, the ischium begins to ossify

A

week 15

94
Q

The ____ is the last tarsal bone to ossify

A

Navicular

95
Q

At week 6-7 in the development of the arterial system, the _____ artery retreat and the ____ artery elongates to form the femoral artery

A

sciatic artery retreats, the external iliac artery forms the femoral artery

96
Q

At week 6-7 in the development of the arterial system, the _______ develops from the union of the femoral artery and popliteal artery

A

posterior tibial artery

97
Q

By week 8 in the development of the arterial system, the ______ and the ____ arteries take over the foot plexuses

A

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

98
Q

By week 8, the remaining portions of the sciatic artery at _____, ______ and ______

A

Inferior gluteal artery, popliteal and fibular artery

99
Q

If the sciatic artery does not go away, there is ______

A

Persistan sciatic artery

100
Q

The thigh/leg/foot have developed from the dorsal/ extensor compartment have rotated _____. The form the _____ and ____ compartments of the lower limb

A

rotated anteriorly

Anterior/lateral compartments of LL

101
Q

The thigh/leg/foot that have developed in the ventral/flexor compartment have rotated ______. These muscles form the ____ and ___ muscles of the lower limb

A

rotated posteriorly

form the posterior/medial compartments of LL

102
Q

Developmentally ____ muscles are associated with the postaxial border

A

dorsal

103
Q

Developmentally _____ muscles are associated with the preaxial border

A

ventral

104
Q

Posterior division of ventral rami will supply the _____

A

developmentally dorsal muscles / postaxial

105
Q

Anterior division of ventral rami will supply the ____

A

developmentally ventral muscles / preaxial

106
Q

The duplication of digits is called ______

A

polydactyly

107
Q

______ results from the mesenchyme not undergoing apoptosis

A

Cutaneous syndactyly