Lecture 1

Question 1

What factor is released by cellsduring hypoxia

Answer 1

HIF-1

hypoxia ind factor 1

Question 2

What are some genes regulated by HIF-1

Answer 2

GLUT1
GLUT3

Growth factors. VEGF IGF2

Glycolysis enzymes
Phosphofructokinase
Hexokinase
Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 3

What diseases does hypoxia play a pathogenic role?

Answer 3

Ischemia…

COPD
Malignant tumors
Atherosclerosis
Diabetes mellitus
Inflammatory diseases
Psoriasis
Pre-ecllampsia

Question 4

How are ROS generated?

Answer 4

By the incomplete reduction of oxygen (O2)

Question 5

What are the categories disorders of major homeostasis? (6)

Answer 5

Oxygen

Redox and antioxidant

Immunohomeostasis

Cell volume regulation

pH homeostasis

Hemostasis

Question 6

Functions of the ER

Answer 6

Protein synthesis

Lipid synthesis

Biotransformation

Ca++ storage

Production of glucose

Protein synthesis for secrion, ER secretory pathway

Heme synthesis

Question 7

Potential responses to organelle stress

Answer 7

Adaptation
Unfolded protein response (ER response)
Mitochondrial Stress response

Death
Apoptosis
Necrosis