Lecture 17

Question 1

What are the three super-kingdoms?

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Question 2

What are the six kingdoms of organisms?

Answer 2

Bacteria,Archaea,Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Question 3

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Bacteria?

Answer 3

-unicellular -cells lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles -distinctive cell walls -some autotrophs and some heterotrophs

Question 4

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Archaea?

Answer 4

-unicellular -cells lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles -distinctive cell walls -some autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Protista?

Answer 5

-unicellular or multicellular -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -some have cell walls -some autotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 6

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Plantae?

Answer 6

-multicellular land plants -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -cell walls of cellulose -autotrophs -complex organ systems

Question 7

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Fungi?

Answer 7

-most multicellular thread-like hyphae -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -cells walls of chitin -heterotrophs (by absorption)

Question 8

What are the characteristics of the kingdom Animalia?

Answer 8

-multicellular -cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles -no cell walls -heterotrophs (by ingestion) -complex organ systems

Question 9

How does evolution arise?

Answer 9

Evolution through natural selection. All living organisms result from descent, with modification, from a common ancestor, and share a common cellular biochemistry and genetics.

Question 10

Where did life first evolve and how?

Answer 10

The Origin of Life in Primitive Oceans! 1. Primitive Oceans - a dilute, hot, smelly soup of ammonia, formaldehyde, formic acid, cyanide, methane, hydrogen sulfide and organic hydrocarbons. 2. UV light contributed to organic synthesis, yet UV light also destroys organic molecules. 3. Therefore, life evolved in the oceans, protected by water that filters out the UV.

Question 11

Is it possible that primodial oceans were cooler than we thought

Answer 11

-yes, possibly got cool about half a billion years before we thought= so more time for evolution.

Question 12

What do we know about the first cells?

Answer 12

• were prokaryotic • were heterotrophs-and liked it hot! (or did they?) • are not in the fossil record • First fossils reveal photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, which eventually changed the earth’s atmosphere forever by generating oxygen.

Question 13

What is today’s atmosphere like?

Answer 13

• photosynthesis resulted in an oxigenic atmosphere • is 21% oxygen, a oxidizing atmosphere where the spontaneous formation of complex carbon molecules cannot occur • shielded from ultraviolet radiation by a layer of ozone gas (O3) in the upper atmosphere.!

Question 14

What is the snowball earth?

Answer 14

snowball= 10million yrs ago ice age that kept on going and stopped evolution- plants- organisms survived around volcanoes=warmer

Question 15

What is the evidence for evolution? (5)

Answer 15

• Palaeontology and the fossil record • Comparative anatomy of cells and organisms • Embryology • Comparative biochemistry and molecular biology • Structure of DNA, gene sequences

Question 16

What evidence for evolution does Palaeontology and the fossil record provide?

Answer 16

Fossils attest to the variety of extinct organisms, from cells to huge animals. Many such creatures show features related to those of living organisms; they can be arranged temporally in sequence to show evolutionary progressions.

Question 17

What evidence for evolution does Comparative anatomy of cells and organisms provide?

Answer 17

Many features within cells (e.g. flagellar structure) are invariant or clearly related, chemically and functionally. Higher animals and plants display anatomical features that have a common ancestry (e.g. the forearms of animals, wings of birds, fins of whales). Some have vestigial structures with no present function, but clearly derived from ancestral forms.

Question 18

What evidence for evolution does Embryology provide?

Answer 18

Embryos of higher animals show remarkable similarities in morphology during their early development, reflecting their common origin.

Question 19

What evidence for evolution does Comparative biochemistry and molecular biology provide?

Answer 19

Living cells share a common, basic molecular chemistry, and use the same amino acids, sugars, bases etc. Metabolic pathways are basically similar with numerous variations accumulating over evolutionary history.

Question 20

What evidence for evolution does Structure of DNA, gene sequences provide?

Answer 20

The structure of the genetic material (DNA) and translation machinery (RNA) is basically the same in all cells. However, minor variations in detail (e.g. in amino acid sequences in proteins, base sequences in DNAs RNA) are extremely numerous; these arise by mutations that accumulate and the pattern of these changes reflects the evolutionary relationship of the organisms that display them.

Question 21

What is taxonomy?

Answer 21

description and naming of organisms

Question 22

What is classification?

Answer 22

recognizing groups of related organisms and naming the groups

Question 23

What is phylogeny?

Answer 23

the evolutionary history of an organism.

Question 24

What is the binomial name?

Answer 24

organisms are initially given two names, genus and species. This binomial name for the platypus, for example, is Ornithorthynchus anatinus. By convention, this name is usually written in italics or underlined. If there is no confusion, the generic name is often shortened (e.g.: O. anatinus)

Question 25

Describe history of the Earth:

Answer 25