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Kinesiology 2 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two competing events that occur during muscle strain healing?

A

Muscle Regeneration

Production of scar/fibrous tissue

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2
Q

What are common complications to Muscle strain healing?

A

Re-rupture from too early or overly vigorous mobilization

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3
Q

What is the fibril change when there is damage to C.T. and muscle fibril?

A

Break in to individual sarcomeric units
Disruption of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Interruption of sarcolemma

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4
Q

What do you want when you have damaged C.T. and muscle fibril with Satellite cells present?

A

Satellite cells are transformed into myoblastic cells

All satellite cells respond to a focal injury

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5
Q

What are the four stages of injury and repair?

A

Inflammatory reaction with hematoma formation
Macrophage inflitration
Fibroblastic and Collagenous proliferation
Function of the satellite cells

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6
Q

Which stages of injury and repair always occur and which stage does not?

A

Stages 1-3 always occur.

Stage 4 occurs when damage to the myofibril has occured

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7
Q

When will injury occur?

A

When the active tension in the muscle tendon unit exceeds the tension of the weakest structural element

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8
Q

Where are the most common injuries for muscle strain incidences?

A 
Two joint muscles
Hamstrings
Gracillis
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
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9
Q

What percent of musculotendinous injuries are in the hamstring?

A

33%

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10
Q

For those with hamstring injuries, what percent are sprinters?

A

50%

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11
Q

For those with hamstring injuries, what percent are middle distance runners?

A

20%

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12
Q

When do hamstring injuries occur?

A

Early or Late stages of practice

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13
Q

What are the mechanism of injury for muscle strains?

A

Intrinsic force production
Extrinsic for production
Combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic force production

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14
Q

What are the 6 causative factors of muscle strains?

A 
Inadequate flexibility
Inadequate strength/endurance
Dy-synergistic muscle contraction
Insufficient warm-up
Poor biomechanics/style
Inadequate rehabilitation from previous injury
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15
Q

Physiologically, what occurs with inadequate flexibility?

A

Steeper stress strain curve (Poor dissipation of stress, viscoelastic response, and greater impact of force relaxation)
Change in length-Tension relationship

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16
Q

Clinically, what occurs with inadequate flexibility?

A

Higher incidence of microtrauma- (muscle strains, tendinitis)
Decreased Efficiency/effectiveness- (Movement dysfunction, Postural/functional imbalances

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17
Q

Physiologically, what occurs with inadequate strength/endurance?

A

Potentially weaker connective tissue
Neuromuscular changes inthe GTO and muscle spindle
Overload of normal tissue caused by abnormal biomechanics from fatigue.
Fatigue overload from repetitive stress

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18
Q

Clinically, what occurs with inadequate strength/endurance?

A

Inadequate muscular strength/endurance leading to macrotraumatic or microtraumatic injury
Ipsilateral or contralateral strength imbalance

19
Q

Physiologically, what occurs with dys-synergic contraction?

A

Hybrid muscle with separate innervation (biceps, semitendinosis)
Fiber type and force development (hamstrings, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius/soleus)
Agonist-antagonist relationship

20
Q

Clinically, what occurs with dys-synergic contraction?

A

Injury specific activities and positions (Hamstring deceleration v. acceleration)
Injury specific activities (Sprinters, higher angular velocity activities)
Over-strengthened (powering) antagonists

21
Q

What is econcentric?

A

Where the distal part of the muscle in concentric while the proximal part is eccentric (or reversed)

22
Q

Physiologically, what occurs with insufficient warm-up?

A

Lower intramuscular temperature
Decreased response of mechanical and physical properties of other tissues
Effect on muscle spindle and GTO interaction

23
Q

Clinically, what occurs with insufficient warm-up?

A

Increased frequency of microtraumatic injury
Poorer performance
Increased incidence of dys-synergistic contractions

24
Q

Physiologically, what occurs with inadequate rehabilitation?

A

Insufficient tissue maturation
Insufficient load tolerance
Sub-optimal condition and performance

25
Q

Clinically, what occurs with inadequate rehabilitation?

A

Re-injury
Chronicity of injury
Other compensatory injuries

26
Q

What are the 10 rehabilitative principles?

A

Prevention is easier than treatment
Intervention depends on healing stage
“Active rest” (guarded mobility) rather than mobility
Medications and modalities- important adjuncts
Develop a flexible tissue
Develop a strong tissue
“Said” principle is vital
Utilize the “progressive velocity flexibility program”
Pain is the guiding factor
No “quick fix” is possible

27
Q

What is the SAID principle?

A

Specific
Adaptation to
Imposed
Demands

28
Q

How can you prevent injury?

A

Education of patient regarding correct program
Proper utilization of warm-up and preventative flexibility program
Appropriate prophylaxis and self intervention in early phases

29
Q

How is rest associated with rehabilitation?

A

Only used when absolutely necessary
“Active rest” used whenever possible rather than complete rest
Motion within the pain free range of motion is encouraged

30
Q

What are three common modalities used in rehabilitation?

A

Cryotherapy (Early-limit inflammation, Late-prophylactic)
Thermotherapy (Late stage-improves circulation, healing, connective tissue mobility)
Electrical stimulation (Early-limit hemorrhage, Late- healing, strength, neuronal effect?)

31
Q

What medications are used during rehabilitation?

A

Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (nsaids)

Phonophoresis

32
Q

What are the positive effects of nsaids during rehabilitation?

A

Protogland inhibitory

33
Q

What are the negative effects of nsaids during rehabilitation?

A

Systematic
Not local
Not Direct

34
Q

What are the early and late stage reactions of phonophoresis?

A

Early-pulsed

Late-continuous

35
Q

What are the percents of each phonophoresis medication?

A

Hydrocortisone-10%
Dexamethasone- 4%
Celestrone-6%

36
Q

When exercising, what should be kept in mind in the early stages?

A

Flexibility- prevent scar contracture

Performance in the pain free ranges of motion

37
Q

When exercising, what should be kept in mind in the late stages?

A

Strengthening and stretching- Develop flexible scar tissue
Long term process of developing strong tissue
Tolerance of high velocity deformation to prevent re-injury

38
Q

For ballistic stretching what must you get past?

A

Neuromuscular component

39
Q

What is stretching aided and hindered by?

A

Aided by influencing the gto

Hindered by facilitation of the muscle spindle

40
Q

What does gto release cause in static stretching?

A

Release of tension

41
Q

What are some advantages of static stretching?

A

Ability to control stretch without injury
Safer method to control stretch
Creep is influenced by this stretch

42
Q

What does gto discharge cause in ballistic stretching

A

Sudden release of tension

43
Q

What are the aspects of ballistic stretching?

A

poor ability to control stretch
Less control of stretch with greater degree of chance of injury
Force relaxation is influenced by this type of stretch

44
Q

Often times athletic activities are what type of stretch?

A

Ballistic

Kinesiology 2 (12 decks)

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