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BISC 120 > Lecture 21 - Prokaryotes 1 (SI) > Flashcards

Lecture 21 - Prokaryotes 1 (SI) Flashcards

1
Q

Cell wall

A
  • maintains cell shape
  • protects cell
  • prevents it from bursting (hypotonic)
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2
Q

Chitin

A

makes up fungal (+heliozoa) cell walls

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3
Q

Cellulose

A

makes up plant cell walls

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4
Q

What is archae cell wall composed of?

A
  • polysaccharides

- proteins

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5
Q

Peptidoglycan

A
  • cross-linked sugar polymers
  • make up bacteria cell walls
  • targeted by antibiotics
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6
Q

_____ contains a lot of peptidoglycan and ______ contains little peptidoglycan

A
  • gram pos. contains a lot

- gram neg. contains little

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7
Q

Which type of bacteria tends to be more toxic/pathogenic?

A

gram negative

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8
Q

Capsule

A

-polysaccharide or protein layer covering most prokaryotes

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9
Q

Nucleoid

A

chromosomal region in prokaryotes

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10
Q

Endospore

A
  • original cell produces copy of its chromosomes

- surrounds that copy with tough multilayered structure

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11
Q

Plasmids

A
  • smaller rings of DNA scattered throughout prokaryotic cells
  • R carries resistance quality
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12
Q

What do fimbriae do?

A

-allow them to stick to their substrate + other individuals in a colony

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13
Q

Pili

A
  • longer than fimbriae

- allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

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14
Q

Flagella

A
  • scattered on surface

- spin for propulsion

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15
Q

Convergence

A

evolved independently in each domain

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16
Q

Exaptation

A
  • bacterial model composed of motor + hook + filament

- from ancestral secretory system

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17
Q

What is the order of structures of a gram-neg. bacteria from outside to in?

A
  1. capsule
  2. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
  3. peptidoglycan
  4. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids
18
Q

What are 3 key features of prokaryote reproduction?

A
  1. prokaryotes are small (.5-5mm)
  2. short regeneration time (except endoliths)
  3. binary fission
19
Q

3 reasons why prokaryotes have rapid evolution?

A
  1. exchange of genetic material
  2. short generation times
  3. large populations
20
Q

What are endoliths?

A
  • organisms that live inside rocks + between mineral grains
  • chemoautotrophs
  • reproduce maybe once per century
21
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A
  • combining DNA from 2 sources

- contributes to diversity

22
Q

Conjugation

A
  • DNA is transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells (usually of same species) that are temporarily joined
  • bacteria, DNA transfer always one way
  • cell donates DNA, other receives it
23
Q

F factor

A
  • presence of this particular piece of DNA determines ability to form pili
  • donate DNA during conjugation
24
Q

R plasmid

A
  • carry genes for antibiotic resistance

- fraction of bacteria with genes from resistance increase in population exposed to antibiotics

25
Q

Transduction

A

-gene movement between bacteria by bacteriophages

26
Q

Transformation

A

-change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell

27
Q

What are the 4 major modes of nutrition

A
  1. photoautotrophy
  2. chemoautotrophy
  3. photoheterotrophy
  4. chemoheterotrophy
28
Q

Photoautotroph

A

(autotroph)
E source: light
C source: CO2, HCO3 etc
EX: cynatobcteria, plants, algae

29
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

(autotroph)
E source: inorganic chemicals
C source: CO2, HCO3 etc
EX: sulfolobus

30
Q

Photohetertroph

A

(heterotroph)
E source: light
C source: organic compounds
EX: aquatic + salt-loving (Rhodobacter)

31
Q

Chemohetertroph

A

(heterotoph)
E source: organic compounds
C source: Organic Compounds
EX: clostridium, many fungi/animals/plants

32
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

-convert N2 to ammonia
-essential for production of amino acids + nucleic acids
EX: anbaena

33
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require O2 for cellular respiration

34
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A
  • poisoned by O2

- use fermentation/anaerobic respiration

35
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

-survive with or without O2

36
Q

What are heterocysts?

A
  • photosynthetic cells + nitrogen fixing cells in Anabaena

- exchange metabolic products

37
Q

What are taxis?

A

-ability to move toward or away from stimulus

38
Q

What is an example of an extremophile bacteria?

A
  • endollith

- grow very slowly

39
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A
  1. bacteria

2. arcahaea

40
Q

Archaea are more closely related to ___ than ____

A

eukaryotes, bacteria

BISC 120 (33 decks)

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