Lecture 23 - Endosymbiosis + Eukaryotic Diversity (SI) Flashcards

1
Q

Serial Endosymbiosis

A

-hypothesis for origin of eukaryotes

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2
Q

3 proposals of serial endosymbiosis

A
  1. ancestors of mitochondria = aerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotic endosymbionts (alpha)
  2. ancestors of chloroplasts = photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
  3. ancestral host = archaean/proto-eukaryote (diverged from archaeal ancestors)
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3
Q

What are 5 pieces of evidence?

A

chloroplasts/mitochondria + bacteria have similar:

  1. size
  2. transcription tools
  3. enzymes + transport systems
  4. replication
  5. ribosomes
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4
Q

Kleptoplastidity

A

stealing + using chloroplasts from prey

-passed from generation to generation

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5
Q

What are 2 qualities of plastid evolution?

A
  1. mitochondria arose through descent from bacterium engulfed by cell from archaeal lineage
  2. photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed by hetertrophic eukaryote
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6
Q

What did plastid bearing lineage evolve into?

A
  • photosynthetic protists

- red and green algae

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7
Q

What is the evolutionary sequence of land plants?

A
  1. cyanobacteria
  2. green algae
  3. land plants
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8
Q

how did mitochondria originate?

A

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

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9
Q

What catalyzed the 3 adaptive radiations?

A
  1. metabolic
  2. structural
  3. multicellularity
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10
Q

protists

A

eukaryotic organisms capable of existence as single cells

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11
Q

Protists often contain _____ at some point in their lifecyle

A

flagella/cilia

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12
Q

What are Euglena?

A
  • single-celled mixotrophic protist

- live photosynthetically/herterotrophically

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13
Q

Fungus-like

A

absorptive nutrition

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14
Q

Protozoa

A

ingestive, animal like nutrition

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15
Q

Algae

A

photosynthetic plant like

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16
Q

What are the 3 ecological categories of protists?

A
  1. protozoa
  2. fungus-like
  3. algae
17
Q

What are eukaryotic flagella?

A

-extensions of cytoplasm with a support of 9 + 2 microtubule system

18
Q

What are 4 parasites

A
  1. plasmodium (maleria)
  2. P. ramorum (sudden oak death)
  3. P. shumayae (kills fish)
  4. P. infestans (potato late blight)
19
Q

What are cysts?

A
  • resistant cells formed by protists

- can survive harsh conditions

20
Q

Plankon

A

communities of organisms that drift passively or swim weakly in the water

21
Q

Size of microbial eukaryotes

A

-single celled (mostly, protists)

22
Q

Diversity of microbial eukaryotes

A

tens of thousands of described species

23
Q

2 types of microbial eukaryotic nutrition

A
  1. Photosynthetic (microalgae)

2. Engulfment (protozoa)

24
Q

3 types of microbial eukaryotic reproduction

A
  1. binary fission (most common)
  2. sexual reproduction/recombination
  3. budding + multiple fission (least common)
25
Q

Distribution of microbial eukaryotes

A

every biotic ecosystem on the planet

26
Q

many protists are important ______ that obtain energy from the sun

A

producers