tight circling is associated with what lesions
cerebellar/vestibular
bigger circling are associated with what type of lesions
supratentorial
kyphotic
dorsal curvature of the spine
scoliosis
lateral curvature of she spine
ventral neck flexion is caused by what?
neck pain, myopathy, myasthenia gravis, thiamine deficiency, organophosphate, hyperthyroidism, ethylene glycol, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, phos)
ataxia
lack of an axis - failure of muscular coordination
3 types of ataxa
vestibular ataxia (falling leaning)
cerebellar - hypermetria
proprioceptive/sensory/ataxia - wide bsae crossing over, swaying
cerebellar ataxia
disease of cerebbellum or spinocerebellar tracts of the spinal cord
step distance
distance between the 2 thoracic limbs or the pelvic limbs when both on the floor
increases in step distance can indicate what
UMN lesions
decreases in step distances can indicate what?
LMN lesion or pain
2 engine gait
decreased step distance in the front (LMN) and increased step distance in the pelvic (UMN)
paresis
weakness ata gait; partial loss of voluntary movement
most common manifestations of paresis
slow shuffling gait, dragging, knuckling of the paw, collapse, falling, exercise intolerance, unable to support weight
less common manifestations of paresis
difficulty rising, inability to jump, climb stairs, unable to maintain squatting position, decreased ROM, bunny hopping
paraparesis
both pelvic limbs
tetraparesis
weakness in all four limbs
hemiparesis
weakness in the thoracic and pelvic limbs on one side
monoparesis
weakness in one limb
plegic
no voluntary motor
central cord syndrome
CP deficits in just the front limbs
increased reflexes
UMN lesions
decreased reflexes
LMN
cutaneous trunci reflex - if there is a cutoff
lesion is 1-2 spinal cord segments cranial to cutoff
cutaneous trunci reflex - if one side regardless of where you pinch
efferent problem on the side that doesn’t respond (C8-T1) cord segments and nerve roots, lateral thoracic nerve
ptosis
droopy upper eyelid
ventrolateral resting strabismus
CN 3 problem
horners syndrom
miosis, elevated third eyelid, ptosis, enopthalmos (retracted eyeball)
sympathetic neural pathway associated with horner’s syndrome
1st order cell body - hypothalamus
2nd order cell body (precanglionic T1-2 spinal cord segmetns
3rd order cell body (post ganglionic )
structures innervated sympathetic system to the eye
dilator muscles of the puple periorbital smooth muscles third eyelid eyelid (mullersem uscle) blood vessels within and around the eyes
causes of miosis
increased parasymp tone
severe cerebrocorticol disease
decreased sympathetic syndrome
causes of mydriasis
increased symp (phenylephrine decreased parasymp tone (atropine)