Lecture 4 Equine Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 4 Equine Deck (19)
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1
Q

Routine Breeding Soundness Exam

A
• Perineal conformation and
examination of the vulva
• Mammary gland
• Palpation per rectum
• Transrectal
ultrasonography
• Vaginal examination
• Endometrial cytology and
culture
• Endometrial biopsy
2
Q

Advanced Breeding Soundness Exam

A
  • Endocrinology
  • Hysteroscopy
  • Cytogenetics
  • Laparoscopy
3
Q

Anestrus - acquired or congenital

A

 History
– Mare has shown regular cycle or has foaled before
– Mare never showed any reproductive activity

4
Q

Age of first breeding

A

Older than 2 years of age

5
Q

When is fertility going to decline?

A

into the teens (15 years maybe); earlier for thoroughbreds due to conformation problems

6
Q

Anoestrus – Persistent CL

A

• Normal ovarian size, CL
present (ultrasound or
progesterone)
• Uterus: tone (no pregnancy)

7
Q

Length of diestrus

A

• Diestrus can last 60 to 90 days

8
Q

Treatment of persistent CL

A
 PGF2α (Dinoprost
thrometamine)
 Analogue (cloprostenol, less
side effects)
 Spontaneous recovery
possible
9
Q

Anestrus – Persistent endometrial cups

A
  • Embryonic Death (>35 days)
  • Endometrial cups already formed
  • Normal genital tract on palpation
10
Q

Testing for persistent endometrial cups

A

• eCG (commercial kits)
• Biopsy or hysteroscopy
• Check for reasons of embryonic
loss: Fibrosis, metritis, iatrogenic

11
Q

What prostaglandin is preferred?

A

cloprostenol fewer side effects

12
Q

When are the persistent endometrial cups?

A

45 days of pregnancy

13
Q

Anoestrus – Ovarian tumors

A
• Not very common
• Ovarian tumors that may cause anestrus
 Granulosa-Theca cell tumor (GTCT)
 Luteoma (rare)
• Need to differentiate from other causes of ovarian
enlargements
14
Q

Anoestrus - Pyometra

A
 Pyometra is usually not a
cause but a consequence of
acyclicity
 CL not always present
 Cervical or vaginal
adhesions
 Variable cycle history
 Very old mares
 Poor prognosis
15
Q

Anoestrus – other causes

A

• Cytogenetic abnormalities: Ovarian dysgenesis (63 XO
Turner syndrome)
• Hormonal Treatments: Progesterone, Anabolic
steroids: negative feed back on the hypothalamus
• Nutrition: Weight loss after foaling, poor body condition
• Old mare syndrome
• Ovariectomized mares
• GnRH implants (ovuplant®) (no longer approved in the
USA)
• Immunization against GnRH (Not approved in the USA)

16
Q

Abnormal interval between ovulations - causes

A
 Aging
 Anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles
 Unilaterally functional ovary?
• Abnormal duration of estrus
 Short or Split-heat (common in transitional mares)
 Long estrus (NO OVARIAN FOLLICULAR CYSTS IN THE
MARE!!!)
• Abnormal duration of the luteal
17
Q

Abnormal luteal function

A
• Failure of ovulation
 Anovulatory hemorrhagic follicle
 Equine metabolic disease
• Short luteal phase
 Early release of PGF2α from the endometrium
(endometritis, intrauterine treatment)
 Abnormal corpus luteum function
• Lengthened luteal phase
 Persistent CL with spontaneous recovery
 Early embryonic death
18
Q

Abnormal length of cycles due to aging will happen at what age

A

25 years

19
Q

do ovarian cysts exist in the mair?

A

follicular cysts do not exist