Mediastinum/Pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

procedure to view or biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes

A

mediastinoscopy

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2
Q

trauma from hemorrhage of great vessels, hypertrophy of heart (congestive heart failure), or malignant lymphoma in lymph node can cause?

A

widening of mediastinum

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3
Q

how would you expose the superior and inferior vena cavas?

A

open the pericardial sac

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4
Q

what is the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

ability to stop or divert blood flow of aorta or pulmonary trunk during surgery due to its location

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5
Q

inflammation of pericardium, rough serous pericardium, chronic inflammation can calcify

A

pericarditis

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6
Q

passage of fluid from pericardial capillaries into pericardial cavity, compressing heart

A

pericardial effusion

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7
Q

right cardiac hypertension, venous blood return exceeds cardiac output

A

non-inflammatory pericardial effusion

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8
Q

pericardial effusion causes compression of heart, which leads to decrease in cardiac output

A

cardiac tamponade

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9
Q

blood in pericardial cavity from weakened heart muscles (myocardial infarction), bleeding from surgery, or stab wounds; veins of face & neck become engorged (high pressure)

A

hemopericardium

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10
Q

drainage of fluid in pericardial cavity; typical treatment of cardiac tamponade

A

pericardiocentesis

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11
Q

where do you stick a needle for pericardiocentesis?

A

in left 5th/6th ICS near sternum

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12
Q

position of heart is completely reversed so apex is pointing towards right side

A

dextrocardia

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13
Q

dysphagia (difficulting swallowing) might be indicative of?

A

retroesophageal right subclavian artery (most left sided branch of aorta & crosses posterior to esophagus & can compress it)

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14
Q

accessory artery to thyroid gland that may arise from brachiocephalic artery

A

thyroid irna artery

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15
Q

aortic arch that curves over right root of lung?

A

right arch of aorta

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16
Q

vascular ring around esophagus and trachea; can compress these structures

A

double arch of aorta

17
Q

chest pain that radiates to the back is indicative of?

A

aneurysm of ascending aorta because it isn’t reinforced by fibrous pericardium; evident on chest film/angiogram

18
Q

aneurysm of ascending aorta, enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes, or bronchogenic/esophageal carcinoma may cause what common injury?

A

compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve because it winds around arch of aorta and ascends between trachea & esophagus

19
Q

chylothorax; lymph escaping into thoracic cavity

A

laceration of thoracic duct

20
Q

how would blood get back to the heart if the superior vena cava is obstructed?

A

azygos vein will drain into abdominal wall veins and then into inferior vena cava into right atrium

21
Q

if the azygous system receives all blood via inferior vena cava (except of that from liver) this is indicative of?

A

IVC obstruction

22
Q

visualization of aorta with radioplaque contrast material

A

aortic angiography