Medicines Flashcards Preview

Virology > Medicines > Flashcards

Flashcards in Medicines Deck (29)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Active immunisation

A

Preventative method

  • Most widespread form to control diseases and prevent economic loss
  • Drawback: Coexistence with the virus
    • Most vaccines do not prevent infection
2
Q

Types of vaccine

A
  • Monovalent
  • Polyvalent
3
Q

Live virus vaccines

A
  • Virulent (wild type) virus vaccines
  • Attenuated vaccines
4
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A
  • Naturally occurring mutants
  • Artificially attenuated viruses
  • Heterotypic vaccines
  • Virus-vectored vaccines
5
Q

Naturally occurring mutant example

A

Newcastle disease

6
Q

Artificially attenuated viruses

A
  • Serial passages
  • Selection of thermo-sensitive mutants
  • Genetic modification (Deletion mutants)
    • Marker, DIVA vaccines
7
Q

Heterotypic vaccines

A
  • Marek’s disease
  • Smallpox
8
Q

Virus-vectored vaccines

A

Introduction of antigens into pathogenic viruses

9
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A
  • The virus cannot multiply
  • Inactivating agents
  • Adjuvants
  • Boostering is necessary
10
Q

Inactivating agents

A
  • Formaldehyde
  • BPL
11
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • Slow antigen release, depo-effect
  • Immunostimulation
  • Saponine
12
Q

Route of administration:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A
  • Live: Natural/injection
  • Inactivated: Injection
13
Q

Cost of virus dose:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Low

Inactivated: High

14
Q

Number of doses:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Single

Inactivated: Multiple

15
Q

Need of adjuvant?:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: No

Inactivated: Yes

16
Q

Duration of immunity:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Longer

Inactivated: Shorter

17
Q

Antibody response:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: IgG, IgA

Inactivated: IgG

18
Q

Cell-mediated response:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Good

Inactivated: Poor

19
Q

Heat instability in tropics:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Yes

Inactivated: No

20
Q

Interference:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Occasional

Inactivated: No

21
Q

Side effects:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Occasional

Inactivated: No

22
Q

Reversion to virulence:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Possible

Inactivated: No

23
Q

Contamination:

  • Live
  • Inactivated
A

Live: Possible

Inactivated: No

24
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

Contains only proteins responsible for neutralisation

25
Q

Production of subunit vaccines

A
  1. Purification after traditional virus production
  2. Purification of proteins produced by GM bacteria/cells
  3. Synthesis
26
Q

Advantages of subunit vaccines

A
  • Safe
  • Opportunity for differentiation
  • Good efficiency
27
Q

Disadvantages of subunit vaccines

A
  • Expensive
  • Only parenteral administration
  • In vivo usually weaker immune response
28
Q

Anti-idiotype vaccines

A
  • Epitope + paratope groups
  • Lock + key theory
  • Absolutely safe vaccines
29
Q

Anti-idiotype vaccine production

A
  1. Animal species ‘A’ immunised with viral antigen
  2. Anti-viral IgG ‘A’ is purified
  3. Animal species ‘B’ is immunised with antiviral IgG ‘A’
  4. Anti-(IgG ‘A’) IgG ‘B’ is purified
  5. Fab of IgG ‘B’ → Viral antigen (Usually with monoclonal antibodies)