Memory and its Dysfunction Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Memory and its Dysfunction Deck (26)
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1
Q

What is the other term for explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit memory = Declarative memory

Implicit memory = Procedural memory

2
Q

What is long term potentiation (LTP)?

A

It is the increase in the efficiency of a specific synapse, which results from activity at the synapse.

3
Q

What are the 3 substances required for LTP?

A

NMDA receptors, glutamate and Calcium ions.

4
Q

Which ion must be removed to open the NMDA receptor?

A

Magnesium ion

5
Q

How is the ion removed from the NMDA receptor?

A

Through depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.

6
Q

Is declarative or procedural memory affected with damage to entorhinal cortex?

A

Declarative memory

7
Q

Is anterograde or retrograde amnesia a result of damage to the entorhinal cortex?

A

Anterograde memory

8
Q

Is long-term or short-term memory more severely impaired in Entorhinal cortex lesions?

A

Long-termed memory

9
Q

Greater deficits in memory storage for object recognition is found with damage to which areas of the brain as compared to hippocampal damage?

A

Parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex.

10
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

It is crucial for spatial memory (remembering where you were previously) and “associative learning” (learning to associate information with each other)

11
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy’s syndrome and describe its symptoms.

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is damage to the bilateral medial temporal lobe, especially the amygdala.
Results in:
Visual agnosia
Hyperorality/Hyperphagia
Hypersexuality
Emotional changes: Tameness and flattened affect
EMotional memory impairments

12
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome? Describe its symptoms.

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome is lesions in the diencephalon (thalamus), mamillary bodies, etc, which is caused by thiamin deficiency. Common in chronic alcoholism. Symptoms are confabulation and confusion.

13
Q

Is Parkinson’s a procedural or declarative disorder?

A

Procedural memory disorder

14
Q

Which area of the brain is damaged in declarative memory damage?

A

Entorhinal cortex

15
Q

Which area of the brain is damaged in procedural memory damage?

A

Striatum

16
Q

Is aphasia a procedural or declarative memory disorder?

A

Declarative

17
Q

Which cerebral artery affects procedural memory?

A

Middle cerebral artery

18
Q

Which cerebral artery affects declarative memory?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

19
Q

What protein aggregates are seen in:

a) Dementia with Lewy Bodies
b) Parkinson’s disorder
c) Alzheimer’s disease

A

a) Dementia with Lewy bodies: alpha-synuclein
b) Parkinson’s disorder: alpha-synuclein
c) Alzheimer’s disease: A-beta (1-40, 1-42), and tau proteins (3R, 4R)

20
Q

What changes in kinases and phosphorylases are there in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Increased expression of kinases and decreased expression of phosphorylases in AD.

21
Q

Where does the amyloid plaques forms?

Where do the neurofibrillary tangles form? What are they made up of?

A

Amyloid plaques form in the extracellular matrix of the cerebral cortex.
Neurofibrillary tangles are formed from hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. They are formed intracellularly.

22
Q

Where are the histological changes in Alzheimer’s disease first noticed? How does it progress?

A

Histological changes in Alzheimer’s disease is first noticed in the limbic system, which then progresses into the cerebral cortex.

23
Q

What is characteristically seen in Dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

Characteristic neuropathologic substrate are lewy bodies mainly composed of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin.

24
Q

What consist of accumulations of both the beta-amyloid and tau proteins?

A

Neuritic plaques

25
Q

Which part of the brain are Lewy bodies seen in Dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

Hippocampus and Neocortex, and substantia nigra (neuronal loss is also seen in substantia nigra)

26
Q

What are the clinical presentations of individuals with Frontotemporal lobar degeneration?

A
  1. Changes in social and personal conduct with difficulty in regulating behaviour.
  2. Progressive non-fluent aphasia
  3. Semantic dementia