Metabolism

Question 1

lipoprotein lipase

Answer 1

– enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing cleavage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc.)

Question 2

polyuria

Answer 2

– the excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine

Question 3

polydipsia

Answer 3

– excessive thirst and water consumption

Question 4

ketoacidosis

Answer 4

– acidosis caused by the increased production of acidic ketone bodies (e.g. in diabetes mellitus)

Question 5

direct calorimetry

Answer 5

– measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter

Question 6

indirect calorimetry

Answer 6

– estimation of the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air

Question 7

incretins

Answer 7

– intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion

Question 8

endogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 8

– blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption

Question 9

exogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 9

– blood sugar level increases abnormally following carbohydrate consumption

Question 10

anabolism –

Answer 10

a part of the intermediary metabolism, syntheses of materials, building up the organism’s own materials

Question 11

catabolism

Answer 11

– part of the intermediary metabolism, breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually for producing or storing of energy)

Question 12

citric-acid cycle – (Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle) –

Answer 12

final break-down of the two-carbonic compound acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism (beta-oxidation); the end-products are carbon-dioxide and reduced co-enzymes

Question 13

Cori-cycle

Answer 13

– a procedure in which the lactic-acid produced in the muscles under anaerobic conditions is remetabolised to sugar in the liver on the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount

Question 14

diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

disease due to the lack or ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone; symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and overdrinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances, sometimes coma

Question 15

pentose-phosphate cycle

Answer 15

– an alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars (e.g. ribose, etc.) are formed; NADPH, a co-enzyme necessary for fatty-acid synthesis is also produced here

Question 16

fatty-acid synthesis

Answer 16

– enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl-Coenzyme-A (requires NADPH).

Question 17

glucogenic amino-acids

Answer 17

– amino-acids that can enter into the sugar-metabolic pathways

Question 18

gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

– a procedure in which the liver synthesizes de novo sugars from lactic acid and amino-acids (mainly from blood proteins)

Question 19

glycolysis

Answer 19

– break-down procedure of 6-C sugars into acetyl (-Coenzyme-A)-group

Question 20

hyperglycemia

Answer 20

– elevated blood-sugar level

Question 21

hypoglycemia

Answer 21

– decreased blood-sugar level

Question 22

ketogenic amino-acids

Answer 22

– amino-acids with ketone-like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar-metabolism

Question 23

NAD- (and NADH)

Answer 23

– co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

Langerhans’ islets

Answer 24

– hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas

Question 25

lipolysis –

Answer 25

breaking down neutral fats into fatty-acids and glycerol

Question 26

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 26

– final phase of the energy metabolism in the mitochondrion; hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enzymes (FADH2, NADH) to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form of ATP

Question 27

respiratory quotient

Answer 27

– the carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake