Midterm 1 Flashcards
Define pathology
Study of nature and causes of disease which includes changes to structure and function
What is known as the study of abnormal functioning of diseased organs
Pathophysiology
Etiology = ?
The cause of a disease
Acute cystitis was what aetiology?
E.coli infection
Idiopathic = ?
etiology unknown
What is the aetiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Idiopathic
What is another name for DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)
Forestier’s
This idiopathic condition results from the ossification of all the ligaments of the spine
Ankylosing Spondylitis
DISH affects what part of the spine?
Ossification of the ALL
What is meant by a Congenital Etiology?
When the genetic info is fine, but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal development
T or F
Thalidomide has a genetic aetiology
False
Congenital
What is meant by a teratogenic effect?
This is when some agent can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus.
Give two examples of Teratogenic effects discussed in class
Fetal Alcohol Syndrom
Thalidomide
T or F
Huntington’s disease is an example of an acquired aetiology
False!
Genetic
An aka for Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 21
What is a genetic etiology?
When genes are responsible for some structural or functional defect.
Describe the etiology of Huntington’s disease
Can be called Chorea
genetic damage of motor nuclei (basal ganglia) and cerebral cortex of the brain.
What are the symptoms of Chorea
Bizarre, involuntary dancelike movements
Give examples of subjective feelings
pain, headache, dizziness, heartburn
SYMPTOMS
What is a syndrome?
Characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease
Shingles effects what ganglia in the brain?
Nodose
T or F
Shingles can occur on both sides of the body
False
Unilateral
Describe the order of skin colour change in a person with Raynaud’s Syndrome
White -> blue -> red
What is the etiology of Raynaud’s
Vasoconstriction/vasospastic rxn of peripheral arteries of the fingers.
This condition results from autoimmune damage to exocrine glands which results in dryness of mucous membranes
Sjogren’s Syndrome
Sjogren’s Syndrome is usually a manifestation of?
Rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus
Name the 3 signs of Sjogren’s Syndrome
Xerostomia - dry mouth
Xerophthalmis - dry eyes
Bilateral Parotitis - enlargement of parotid gland
What is the major concern surround Xerophthalmia and Sjogren’s Syndrome?
Can damage cornea and cause a corneal ulceration which is very painful and can lead to blindness
T or F
Joint pain is associated also with Sjogren’s Syndrome
False!!!!
T or F
Sjogren’s Syndrome is usually associated with middle aged men
False
Women
What is known as the pattern of development of a disease?
Pathogenesis
What is an acute disease?
Short duration 5-10 days, quick onset, severe symptoms
- common cold, acute appendicitis
What is a chronic disease?
A disease that last more than 6 weeks and could have insidious onset such as TB or cancer
This type of disease classification is confined to one region of the body
Local
What is meant by focal damage
Damage that is LIMITED to DISTINCT SITES within a disease organ
How is diffuse damage different from focal?
Diffuse is distributed uniformly within the organ and focal is limited to distinct sites
When is a disease considered systemic?
When it involves other organs and systems
T or F
Local disease can become systemic
True
Cancer metastasizing
TB in the lungs that could spread to other organs if immune system can’t contain it
What is known as the identification of the patients specific disease
Diagnosis
Name the different classifications of cell injury
Deficiency
Intoxication
Trauma
Give examples of primary deficiency
Lack of Vit B3 (niacin) = pellagra (inflammation of the skin)
Lack of Vit C = scurvy
Lack of B1 (thiamine) = beriberi
What is the difference between a primary nutrient deficiency and secondary?
Primary = lack of specific components in the food Secondary = component is in food but cannot be absorbed
Pernicious anemia is a primary or secondary deficiency?
Secondary
- caused by lack of RBC in the blood and Vit B12 cannot be absorbed without the intrinsic factor.
What is the definition of intoxication?
Poisoning, toxins, or the presence of a substance that interferes with cell FUNCTION!
What is the difference between intoxication and trauma?
Intoxication = interferes with function Trauma = interferes with structure
Toxins can be classified in what 2 categories?
Exogenous
Endogenous
What are the sources of Exogenous toxins?
- From infection (food contamination -> botulism, salmonellosis)
- Chemicals or poisons (alcohol, CC14)
- Overdose of some medications or artificial vitamins
Name the different sources of Endogenous toxins
- Genetic: Accumulation of metabolites or the activation of an alternative pathway
- Ionizing radiation
- Accumulation of metabolic by-products
Alkaptonuria is an example of what source of endogenous toxin
Genetic!
Describe the pathogenicity of Alkaptonuria
Caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid an intermediate of phenylalanine metabolism that builds up due to a lack of the oxidase enzyme for the homogentisic acid.
When homogentisic acid builds up in the IVD cartilage what is it called?
Ochronosis
What does Ochronosis cause?
Degenerative disc disease or secondary osteoarthritis because of too much alkapton in the cartilage.
What is a typical manifestation of Alkapeonuria?
Urine will turn black after being exposed to air for a certain period of time.
Give an example of the activation of an alternative pathway and endogenous toxins
Phenylketonuria
- an enzyme is missing to change phenylalanine into tyrosine.
What happens to an individual who does not have the enzyme to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine
The phenylalanine is converted into Ketones which build up in the blood as phenylpyruvic acid and this causes brain damage. Children can’t talk until about 15yo
Give an example of an accumulation of metabolic byproducts forming an endogenous toxin
Gout
Pathogenesis of Gout
- increase in uric acid concentration from overproduction or decreased excretion from the kidneys.
- problem with purine metabolism
- Hyperurecemia! Too much uric acid in blood
What are 3 manifestations of Gout
- Gouty arthritis
- Tophi/Tophus (skin)
- Kidney problems
What part of the body is the most susceptible to Gouty Arthritis?
Usually the great toe (1st metatarsalphalangeal joint)
When uric acid crystals build up in the skin what is it called? Where does it usually occur?
Tophi/Tophus
Ears
List the different types of cell trauma
Direct Contact Hypothermia Hyperthermia Mechanical Pressure Microorganism
What happens physiologically that makes Frost Bite so dangerous?
Due to hypothermia the long exposure to really low temperatures causes the water in the body to freeze and therefore expand. The expansion can rupture the cell membrane and kill the tissue.
Give an example of something causing trauma and being an endogenous toxin
Ionizing radiation
Give examples of mechanical pressure type traumas
Tumor
Stones
Anuerysm
High intensity sound
How does Malaria effect the body?
Grows inside the RBC and causes them to rupture
What is the name of the microorganism that can cause distention and rupture of tissue from growth of the worm
Echinococcus Cyst
Name the change in cell process that results from accumulation
Hydropic Changes
Fatty Changes - Steatosis
Give the akas for Hydropic Changes
Hydropic Degeneration
Cloudy Swelling
Pathogenesis of Cloudy Swelling
- Cell injury causes functional inability to produce enough ATP
- Decrease in ATP = inability to remove Na+
- Na+ attracks fluid& creates the cloudy swelling which causes narrowing of the lumen.
- Narrowing of lumen causes increase pressure and when chronic can results in tissue atrophy
What are the causes of Steatosis
- intoxication
- protein malnutrition
- anoxia
- obesity
- diabetes mellitus
Steatosis refers to accumulation of triacylglycerides in what type of cells?
Parenchymal Cells
Give an example of Steatosis
Alcoholism results in “Fatty Liver”
- lipoprotein produced in liver, hepatocytes use FFA to make them, if you drink alcohol and damage hepatocytes the FFA will just start to accumulate and make the hepatocytes swell.
Fragments of bacteria or cellular organelles found in an injured cell that the cell failed to digest is known as?
Residual Bodies
T or F
Residual bodies can kill the cell
False
Cell is alive and functioning
Are these matched correctly in regards to Hyalinization
INTRAcellular = non-reversible INTERcellular = reversible
False
Opposite is true
What is Mallory Alcoholic Hyaline
- Type of Hyalinization
- Deposition of proteins in hepatocytes
T or F
Russell bodies are a type of hyalinization involving inclusions in the nucleus of a cell
False
Cytoplasm
What is the name of the hyalinization where inclusions build up in the nucleus?
Dutcher Bodies
Russell Bodies and Dutcher Bodies are examples of what type of accumulation?
Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
What is the name of the Plasma cell dycrasias that involves the IGG class of antibodies?
Multiple Myeloma
What is another name for Multiple Myeloma
Plasma Cell Myeloma
This condition results in Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
What immune antibody is being produced by Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma?
IGM
T or F
Multiple Myeloma DOES NOT cause Hyperviscosity Syndrome
False
It does just not as significant as with the Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma because the IGG class of antibodies are much smaller than the IGM and therefore do not affect the thickness of the blood as much but it can still happen.
aka for Hyperviscosity Syndrome
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
The monoclonal tumors occur because of problems with what type of cells in the body
B-Cells or plasma cells.
Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis can cause what usually fatal event?
Hemorrhagic Stroke
What is the pathogenesis of Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis?
Deposition of hyaline substances causes dramatic increase in vascular wall hardening. The arterioles can become so hard that the vessel can rupture causing damage or death
Is Hyalinization in arterioles and example of intracellular or extracellular?
Extracellular
What is Amyloidosis?
Deposits of amyloid in organs and tissue.
What are Amyloids?
It is a general term for a variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium. These are PATHOLOGICAL proteins.
Why does Amyloidosis usually occur?
Because of chronic infection or autoimmune problems.
Name the common sites of the body for Amyloid deposition
Kidney
Liver
Brain
Skin
This is known as cell/organ enlargement in response to increase in demands
Hypertrophy
Name the different Adaptive responses of the cell.
Alternative Metabolism
Altered Size - atrophy, and hypertrophy or pressure atrophy
T or F
Hashimoto’s is a hyperthyroid condition
False!
Autoimmune that leads to HYPOTHYROIDISM
What hormone binding site is blocked by an antibody in Hashimotos?
TSH
Describe the pathogenesis of Grave’s Disease
Hyperplasia!
Antibodies permanantley bind to TSH receptors and continuously stimulate the Thyroid
Leads to a huge production of Thyroid Hormone
What is a classical presentation of Grave’s Disease
Exophithalmos = bulging eyes
T or F
Hashimoto’s and Grave’s are examples of Hypothyroid conditions
False
Grave’s = hyperthyroid
A pouching of the cell membrane is called?
Blebs
How many blebs can you see on a cell membrane WITHOUT it causing irreversible changes?
2 maybe 3
T or F
Grave’s Disease is more common in women then men
True
Are these matched right:
Karyolysis = condensation of nucleus Pyknosis = dissolution of nucleus Karyorrhexis = fragmentation of nucleus
No!
Karyolysis = dissolution Pyknosis = condensation
Myocardial infarction falls under what category of tissue necrosis?
Coagulative Necrosis
Why is coagulative necrosis important?
It allows the tissue not to be damaged while cartilaginous material is played down to replace the dead tissue.
T or F
An infarction is a zone of necrosis caused by oxygen deficiency
False
This is describing an Infarct!
Infarction is the PROCESS resulting in an infarct
T or F
A red infarct occurs in tissue with dual blood supply
True