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Flashcards in Midterm 1 Deck (29)
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1
Q

Explain what DDT is

A

it was a repellent for mosquitos that has been banned since the 70’s … they can still be in fruit cause of the half -life of DDT

2
Q

T/F

Natural supplements are considered safe to take versus prescriptions that were made in a lab

A

false

just because its natural doesn’t mean it is safe

3
Q

What was know as the first ACE inhibitor

A

capetol

4
Q

explain why the BBB is not permeable to chemicals

A
  • the BBB has cerebral capillaries that consist of tight junctions… these tight junctions give chemicals a hard time getting in due to lack of capillary pores in the cerebral capillaries due to the tight junctions
5
Q

According to the BBB protecting from chemical toxicity, then why can children become more toxic?

A
  • children has no tight junctions to protect from chemicals to prevent from passing through
  • the liver has not fully developed
6
Q

Why does lead toxicity only occur in children ? and what can it cause?

A
  • leads to mental retardation- destroys schwann cells

- doesn’t occur in adults due to developed BBB-

7
Q

What factor determines the toxicity?

A

Dose

8
Q

_________ reduces toxicological effect

A

Anatagonism

9
Q

explain what gluthione and its significance is

A
  • antioxidant, removes free- radicals
10
Q

T/F Tyelenol use can lead to kidney damage with short term use

A

false

  • liver damage =acute
  • kidney damage= chronic
11
Q

_____ is the combination of two or more chemicals is the sum of expected individual responses

A
  • Additivity
12
Q

______ exposure to one chemical results in reduction in the effect of the other chemical

A
  • Antagonism
13
Q

______ is exposure to one chemical results in the other chemical producing an effect greater than if given alone

A
  • Potentiation
14
Q

________ exposure to one chemical causes a dramatic increase in the effect of another chemical

A

Synergism

15
Q

______ determined that specific chemicals were responsible for toxicity of plant or animal poison and the response depended on the dose

A
  • Paracelsus
16
Q

” Founder of Toxicology”

A

Orfilia

17
Q

Explain xenobiotic

A
  • substance taken in body that key be beneficial or harmful
18
Q

_____is substances that produce adverse biological effects of any nature

A

toxicants

19
Q

______ specific proteins produced by living organisms

A

toxins

20
Q

_____ toxicants cause immediate death

A

Poisons

21
Q

_________ is the amount of xenobiotic encountered in the environment

A

exposure date

22
Q

________ actual amount of exposed dose that enters the body

A

absorbed dose

23
Q

_________ quantity administered usually orally or by injection

A

adminsitered dose

24
Q

_____ sum of individual doses

A

total dose

25
Q

point at which toxicity first appears is know as ______

A

threshold

26
Q

what are two types of metabolism

A
  1. detoxifaction

2. bioactivation

27
Q

T/F

Bioactivation converts lipid-soluble compunds to polar compounds

A

False

that is detoxification

28
Q

_____ is xenobiotic converted to more reactive or toxic forms

A

Bioactiviation

29
Q

what is the major determinant of whether or not the toxicant will cause damage

A

lipid solubility