Define Economic Botany
Topics revolving around pragmatic uses of plants
Define Ethnobotany
Cultural uses of plants: topics connected to ethnology and anthropology
The first humanoid species appeared ___ million ya
2.8
Foraging is as old as humans, dating back to _________ years old
250k
What is a common stereotype of foraging societies
people were ignorant with a limited knowledge of plants and their enviroment
What is a stereotype regarding food in foraging societies
food supply was extremely laborious
What was the diet like in foraging societies
2/3 diet based on plants, 200 Kca/day rich in proteins and vitamins
what were “forest gardens”
useful plant species were identified and protected while undesirable ones were eliminated, intermediate step between foraging and agriculture.
what is the one downfall to forest gardening
low on productivity, cannot produce high yeilds
Define animism
primeval and universal belief that souls inhabit ordinary plants, animals and things, governing their existence
Define shaman
the repository of knowledge that allows him/her to act as an intermediate between the visible and invisible world (axis mundi)
T or F: shamans hold a higher role than others in the population
F
T or F; Animistic views have persisted today in different parts of the world
T
What are some examples of aniministic agriculture principles
“feeding” the feilds, tree shrines, spirit houses
what is a spirit house
miniature homes that stand outside mainly thai buddhist homes that hope to send spirits away from the home so they live in these small homes, offerings are often made
What are the three macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
What are the two micronutrients
Vitamins and Minerals
What are two monosaccharide carbohydrates
Glucose and Fructose
state the three things that makes High Fructose Corn Syrup attractive to the food industry
1- it is very cheap
2- more easily dissolved in liquid
3-Acts as a preservative
What are the two disaccharide carbohydrates
sucrose (g+f) and maltose (g+g)
What is a polysaccharide carbohydrate
Starch
How is starch broken down in the body
broken down into glucose by saliva+ SI, stored as glycogen
where is starch found
cereals, legumes and potatoes
T or F: Starch grains morphology can identify the plant source
T
T or F: the body can break down cellulose into glucose
F
What are the soluble fibers
hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages
what are the insoluble fibers
cellulose and lignin
T or F: Vegetables have more fiber than grains
F- have less cell walls and therefore less fiber
What are FODMAPs
short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine
What do proteins do for the body
supply amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins
only ___% of total caloric content should be provided by proteins
10
__ amino acids can be synthesized by the body and __ cannot
11, 9
How many essential amino acids are there and why are they essential?
9, and they cannot be stored in the body so they must be received
Animal protein is usually ________ while plant protein is usually ________
complete, incomplete
What does complete protein mean
it has all the essential amino acids
_______ is the main protein of wheat
gluten
Define celiac disease
an autoimmune disease of the small intestine that impairs the bodies absorption of nutrients
Why are triglycerides needed in the body
mechanism for storing unused calories
What is a triglyceride
a glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What are some examples of unsaturated fats
olives, peanuts, avacado (thanks), omega 3s
What are some examples of saturated fatty acids
coconut oil, cocoa butter, most animal fat
define cholesterol
a steroid lipid that is vital ot constituent of cell and is used in the synthesis of various hormones
what are LDLs
carry cholesterol to the tissues- bad cholesterol
what are HDLs
take excess cholesterol back to the liver (good)
what are trans fatty acids
result when manufactures convert oils into solid fats via hydrogenation
What is the role of vitamins
act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways in the body
what are the water soluble proteins inthe body
B-complex and C
What are the different Vitamin B deficiencies
B1- Bereberi
B2- Mouth sores, leisons of the eye
B6- Skin disorders, muscle weakness
B9-Anemia, diarrhea
What is vitamin C needed for
the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body
Vitamin C is an _________
antioxidant
T or F: the body can make vitamin C on its own
F
What is the role of vitamin D
helps the body absorb calcium
Deficiency in vitamin D coud lead to:
osteoperosis or rickets
What is the role of vitamin E
plays a role in your immune system and metabolic processes
What is the role of vitamin K
helps body make proteins for healthy bones and tissues
What are minerals
inorganic compounds that exist in the body as ions or as part of complex molecules
What are the three most important crops worldwide
Wheat, maize, rice.
Cereals provide ___% of the food energy and ___% of the protein consumed on earth
56,50
Wheat, maize and rice complete at least ___% of the worlds grain production
75
Most cereals belong to ______
poaceae
Bamboos have a stem or ____ that has full _____ but ________ are empty
culm, nodes, internodes
T or F: leaf in grasses dont have a petiole
T
What is the role of the ligule in grasses
prevents water and other animals from entering the sheath
hanging stamens and feathery stigmas are ______ ________ adaptations
wind pollintation
hanging stamens are on the ____ flowers
male
feathery sticky branches are on the _____ flowers
female
The endosperm stores ____
starch
Wheat is the ______ oldest domesticated plant
second
what is the protein content in wheat
12-14
T or F: in many cultures bread supplies more than half the dietary calories
T
What is the difference between unleavened and leavened bread
unleavened bread involves no fermentation
what component makes bread dough elastic
gluten
Holes in bread are due to what
CO2 that is produced due to fermentation
______ + _______ = Leavened bread
Yeast + Dough
Oldest records of leavened bread from ______ around ______ years ago
Egypt, 4000
What is whole wheat
the entire grain is used to prepare the flower
What is refined wheat
only starchy part is milled, pericarp and embryo are removed
what is enriched wheat
refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins
Pasta was furst made in ______ in ______
Italy, 1100
Corn is ______ meaning it has both male and female parts
monecious
male part of corn is the ________ flowers
staminate
female part of corn is the _______ flowers
pistillate
Corn was domesticated in ______ around _____ years ago
Mexico, 5500-7000
T or F: Corn has a higher protein content than wheat
F
Variations of _____ is a stable of food worldwide
cornbread
What is the oldest domesticated plant and wehre
rice, in china and india
T or F: rice feeds more people worldwide than any other crop
T
What crop has the highest caloric content
Rice
What are C4 plants
super rapid growth, suitable for warm arid climates, each plant produces more than 1 million seeds
what is amaranth
grain rich in lysine, vitamins and minerals
Where was quinoa domesticated
andes of columbia, ecuador bolivia and peru
T or F: quinoa is a grain
F it is a seed
in the incas what is quinoa referred as
the other of all grains
what are some characteristics of Fabaceae
zygomorphic, 5 free petals, papillonaceous (butterfly-like)
Peanuts are ____% oil and ____% protein
50,30
Peanuts have a development of the fruit called _____ - what is it?
geocarpy- flowers pushed undegroud where they develop
Where + when were peanuts domesticated
Peru and Ecuador 3000 ya
Who invented peanut butter
Marcellus Edson, Canadian
When was the peanut allergy epidemic
the 90s
The protein in soybeans is referred to as ______
complete
T or F: you can eat raw soybean
F- it is toxic and an inhibitor of trypsin
Soybeans are referred to as the ________ crop
cinderella
Soybeans were domesticated in ____ and _____
China and Japan later
What are some characteristics of solanaceae
bisexual, 5 petals, fused, berries, berry is full.
What are some characteristics of tomatoes
yellow flowers, corrollas rotate, berries yellow to red
What are the two hypotheses in the origin of tomatoes
one of american origin and one of mexican origin
When were tomatoes first intorduced to europe
16th centruy
T of F: tomatoes contain many antioxidants
T
What are tomatoes rich in
VItamin A, C, and potassium
What are some characteristics of potatoes
white to purple flowers, tubers present, berries greeinsh purple
When were potatoes introduced
in 1500s in spain
What was the great irish potato famine
worst human disaster of 19th century europe, 1 million died
When was the potato introduced to N america
in 16-1700
Where were eggplants domesticated
india, china, thailand, burma
when were peppers domesticated and wehre
mexico 8-9000 ya
The evolution of high capsaicin in peppers is related to what
bird dispersal
what does capsaicin do
antimicrobial and anifungal, also relieves arthritis pain
What are some characteristics of Rosaceae
bisexual, 5 merous, many stamens, includes strawberries, raspberries
Where were pears domesticated
Europe and W Asia
When was the first record of apple grafting
300 BC in greece
What are apples a symbol of
love, fertility, and prosperity
Where were cherries domesticated
Europe, Turkey, NE Africa W asia
What are some characteristics of the plum
the pit is compressed, smooth to rough
Where was the plum domesticated
europe
Where were apricots and peaches domesticated
CHina
what are some characteristics of peaches
flowers solitary, pit with grooves
Almonds look like the pit of what fruit
peach
where were almonds domesticated
Eastern Mediterranean region
Strawberries are a hybrid from what areas
Chile and N America
where were raspberries native to
europe and W asia