Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 4) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 4) Deck (30)
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1
Q

Where are WG in eukaryotes most common?

A

In plants

2
Q

What does WGD allow? (2)

A
  1. Allows rapid evolution for whole pathways

2. Allows rapid variation of lineage to take place

3
Q

What is a driving force for speciation?

A

WGD

4
Q

What are 2 advantages for WGD?

A
  1. Difficult to show changes in specific phenotype traits

2. WGD allows for stability of multiple copies better at inhibiting mutations

5
Q

What is very unstable? And what is the exception?

A

Poly-ploid

- the except in body size

6
Q

What does poly-ploid produce?

A

Larger fruit

- selective breeding also helps with this

7
Q

What does WGD correlate with?

A

Major evolutionary

8
Q

What is WGD always a part of? And what is its effect?

A

It is part of a combination, so it is hard to pinpoint where the advantages occur

9
Q

Segmental duplications

A

Any type of duplication that is intermediate in size

10
Q

What do segmental duplications do?

A

Block duplication of the genome

11
Q

How does segmental duplication occur? (2)

A
  1. Through replication errors

2. Inexact DNA break repairs

12
Q

What does segmental duplication involve?

A

Only a small portion of the genome

13
Q

How do duplications arrange?

A

In tandem in the genome

14
Q

Tandem

A

Right next to each other

15
Q

What is an example of a segmental duplication experiment?

A

Comparing humans vs chimps genomes

16
Q

What caused the most differences?

A

Duplication

- rather than single nucleotide changes

17
Q

What does segmental duplication allow?

A

Allows evolution of new functions while old functions is maintained

18
Q

What do Antarctic fish produce? And where?

A

They produce anti-freezing proteins

- in the pancreas

19
Q

What are the anti-freezing proteins rich with? (2)

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Threonine
  • consists of many repeats
20
Q

What is the anti-freezing protein common in? (2)

A
  1. Cold blooded animals

2. Cold adaptive plants

21
Q

How do anti-freezing proteins work?

A

By binding to ice crystals

22
Q

What does it mean when they found different anti-freezing proteins in different lineages?

A

That they are not the same and that it had to evolve over time and in different animals

23
Q

How did they find similarities in organisms?

A

Looked at flanking sequences

24
Q

What did they discover after they looked at flanking sequences?

A

Discovered the tripsinogen gene and was able to identify gene similarities

25
Q

What 2 proteins had no overall similarity with other genes?

A
  1. Anti-freezing protein

2. Trypsinogen

26
Q

In the end what did they discover?

A

That they were nearly identical

- very few differenes

27
Q

What marks the end of the last intron in trypsinogen?

A

ag

28
Q

What does the ‘a’ missing in the AFP and positions of 3, 4 and 5 of exon 6 in trypsinogen become?

A

A TGA stop codon in AFP

29
Q

What do incorrect fusions cause?

A

An early termination codon

30
Q

What does an incorrect fusion of exon 6 to tandem repeats create? (2)

A
  1. A frameshift mutation

2. Premature stop codon