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Flashcards in Miscellaneous Neuro Deck (31)
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1
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Most common acquired dz of myelin
Autoimmune against myelin sheath
Results in multiple areas of scarring
characterized by relapse and recovery

2
Q

Which part of the brain does MS affect?

A

the white matter

3
Q

Areas affected by MS

A
Optic nerve
speech and swallow
muscle strength
gait and coordination
balance
Positional and vibratory sense
4
Q

MS Epidemiology

A

Occurs btw ages of 15-50
Females > Males
Northern latitude populations

5
Q

Symptoms of MS

A
Weakness, numbness, tinging and unsteadiness of a limb. (Lhermitte's symptoms)
Unilateral visual impairment, diploplia
Fatigue, muscle weakness
Spastic paraparesis
Mental disturbance
6
Q

Signs of MS

A
Optic neuritis
Opthalmoplegia
Nystagmus
Hyperflexia
Babinski sign
Absent abd reflex
Labile, changed mood
7
Q

MS Dx

A

Neuroimaging
IV gadolinium enhances acute lesions
Lesions are multifocal, hyperintense
CSF can be helpful when MRI not confirmatory

8
Q

Mild MS Tx

A

Healthy lifestyle

Physical therapy

9
Q

Symptomatic MS Tx

A
Corticosteroids - mainstay
INterferon 1a, b
Methotrexate
Tysabri
Symptomatic Tx
10
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Not caused by problems in muscles and nerves
Caused by abnormalities in brain that control muscle movements.
A disease of childhood
Kids with CP are generally born with it

11
Q

Cerebral Palsy Cause

A

Damage to young developing brain
During pregnancy: Infxn, hypoxia, prematurity
During birth: Asphyxia
After birth: Brain infxns, head injuries

12
Q

4 Classifications of Cerebral Palsy

A

Spastic
Athetoid
Ataxic
Mixed

13
Q

Spastic CP

A

Most common type, 70%
Damage to corticospinal tract, motor cortex or pyrimidal tract.
Hypertonia

14
Q

Athenoid (Dyskinetic) CP

A
20% of all cases
Have trouble holding self upright
Often show involuntary motions
Fine motor movements are very hard
May not be able to hold onto things
15
Q

Ataxia CP

A
Problems with balance, especially while walking.
10% of cases
Damage to cerebellum
Hypotonia and tremors
Motor skills are difficult
16
Q

Classic CP Symptoms

A

Spasticity
Unsteady gait
Dysarthria
Decreased muscle mass

17
Q

CP in Newborns and babies S/S

A

Floppy movements
Unable to roll over
Unable to sit, crawl, walk
Birth defects can be associated

18
Q

CP Dx

A

Most children are diagnosed by 18 months of age
Parents are usually the first to notice
Gracile shafts, ballooning metaphysis

19
Q

CP prognosis

A

Brain damage does not progress
but
Symptoms worsen

20
Q

CP Tx

A

Physical and occupational therapy
Symptomatic relief
Speech therapy

21
Q

Atrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Incurable fatal neuromuscular dz characterized by progressive muscle weakness and paralysis
Brain and spinal cord neurons affected.
5,000 new diagnosis each year

22
Q

ALS S/S

A

Progressive muscle atrophy
Affects upper and lower motor neurons
Cognitive fxn is generally spared
Respiratory issues (Bipap used)

23
Q

Which muscles are usually spared is ALS?

A

Bowel, bladder, sphincters and eyes.

24
Q

ALS prognosis

A

Disease course is usually 2-5 years

25
Q

ALS causes

A

Heriditary factor, rare.
Idiopathic
Military veterans at increased risk
Chronic concussions may be linked

26
Q

ALS Dx

A

Presence of upper and lower motor neuron deficits

Clinical diagnosis

27
Q

Rx Tx for ALS

A

Riluzole (Rilutek)
May be neuroprotective
Lengthens survival by several months

28
Q

Wernike-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)

A

Results from chronic alcoholism
Caused by thiamine deficiency (B1)
Characterized by confusion, amnesia, confabulation (making up memories)

29
Q

WKS S/S

A
Acute weakness
EOM paralysis
Nystagmus
Taxia
Peripheral neuropathy
Diploplia
30
Q

WKS Dx

A

MRI will show lesions of werkine’s

clinical diagnosis

31
Q

WKS Tx

A

Thiamine IV or IM, followed by PO

Start thiamine before giving glucose