Module 10.2 : Soft Markers Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Module 10.2 : Soft Markers Deck (15)
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1
Q

soft markers

A
  • increase the fetal risk for a genetic disease
  • correlation with other risk factors
    + history
    + maternal age over 35
    + maternal serum testing results
  • patients are referred for genetic counselling to review risk of having a chromosomally abnormal fetus
  • patients decide if they will choose to have a genetic testing like an amniocenteses or CVS
2
Q

5 soft markers on ultrasound

A
  • nuchal fold > 6mm
  • echogenic bowel
  • mild ventriculomegaly > 10 mm
  • echogenic focus in the heart
  • choroid plexus cysts
3
Q

3 soft markers when seen alone not with chromosomal abnormality

A
- single umbilical artery 
   \+ cardiac abnormalities
   \+ renal abnormalities 
   \+ growth restriction 
- enlarged cisterna magna > 10mm
- pyelectasis 
   \+ dilation of kidneys
4
Q

soft markers associated with trisomy 21

A
  • EIF = echogenic intracrdiac focus
  • thick nuchal fold
  • echogenic bowel
  • shortened femur/ humerus
  • absent nasal bone
5
Q

echogenic intracardiac focus (EICF) (EIF)

A
  • must be as bright as bone
    + 4 chamber splits screen
    + turn down gain all the way till bone disappears then notice if still present
  • 88% only in left
  • 5% in right
  • 7% in both
  • right sided, biventricular, or multiple are reviewed
  • NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
6
Q

nuchal fold

A
  • 16-17 6/7 weeks >/= 5mm
  • 18-24 weeks >/= 6mm
  • nuchal index
    + mean nuchal fold / BPD
    + value of 11
7
Q

echogenic bowel

A
- must be as bright as bone 
   \+ same procedure as EIF
- association with nonchromosomal abnormalities
   \+ cystic fibrosis
   \+ congenital infection 
   \+ intra-amniotic bleed
   \+ Down syndrome
8
Q

shortened long bones

A
  • femur or humerous
  • below 2.5% fro gestational age
  • > 0.9 of that predicted by measure BPD
  • use BPD/long bone chart
9
Q

choroid plexus cysts

A
  • CPCs
  • demonstrate in 2 planes
  • cyst >/= 3mm
  • look for open hands
10
Q

fetal renal pelvic dilation

A
  • not a marker on its own
  • if seen with other markers then considered a multiple marker and more worrisome
  • 16-20 wks >/= 5mm
  • if > 10mm at any time in a pregnancy is a concern for renal blockage or hydronephroses
11
Q

2 vessel cord

A
  • singel umbilical artery
  • could result in
    + cardia
    + renal
    + low birth weight
  • fetal echo don’t at 24 wks
12
Q

mild ventriculomegaly

A
  • > /= 10mm
  • trisomy 21
    + idiopathic
    = don’t know why they are connected
13
Q

nasal bone

A
  • hypoplastic or absent nasal bone is big marker for T21
  • routinely seen on nuchal lucency exam
  • not routinely scanned in detailed but seen in profile
14
Q

what to assess for nasal bone

A
  • absent or hypoplastic
  • ethnicity must be considered
  • Caucasian pop absent nasal bone is high risk for aneuploidy
  • having a nasal bone significantly decreases risk of T21
15
Q

fifth finger clinodactyly

A
  • hypoplastic or absent mid phalanx of fifth digit
  • finger will curve inward
  • marker for T21