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Flashcards in Motor 2 Deck (30)
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1
Q

is overall movement controlled by one neuron ?

A

no

- integrated activity of many neurones

2
Q

when there is a body position change, is there feedback messages from brain stem vestibular nuclei to the spinal cord neurones?

A

yes

3
Q

what is feed forward mechanisms control of movement?

A

before a movement occurs, brain stem reticular formation nuclei make adjustments to stabilise posture

4
Q

what is feed back mechanism control of movement?

A

after a movement occurs, information from the brain stem vestibular nuclei travels to the spinal cord to correct posture and balance

5
Q

what is babinskis sign?

A

plantar extension

6
Q

does babinskis signs show upper or lower motor neuron disease?

A

upper motor neuron disease

7
Q

what is hypotonia?

A

loss of tone in muscles

- flaccid

8
Q

what is the major sub cortical input to SMA of area 6?

A

ventral lateral nucleus in dorsal thalamus

9
Q

where does the ventral lateral nucleus come from?

A

basal ganglion

10
Q

state the 4 steps of the information loop which initiates voluntary movements

A

cortex -> basal ganglion -> VLo -> SMA of area 6

11
Q

state the two input zones of the basal ganglia?

A

caudate

putamen

12
Q

does corpus striatum receive input from all over the cortex?

A

yes

13
Q

what parts of the basal ganglia receive excitatory (glutamatergic) cortical inputs?

A

putamen

caudate

14
Q

what parts of the basal ganglia receive inhibitory (GABAergic) cortical inputs?

A

globus pallidus

substantia nigra

15
Q

which two parts of the basal ganglia fire APs before the movement?

A

putamen

caudate

16
Q

which two parts of the basal ganglia are predictive of movements?

A

putamen

caudate

17
Q

what is the functional consequence of cortical activation of putamen ?

A

excitation

18
Q

at rest are the globus pallidus neurones active or inactive ?

A

active

19
Q

what is the direct pathway of cortical input through the basal ganglia?

A

cortex -> puatmen + caudate -> globus pallidus -> thalamus

then back to the cortex to the SMA

20
Q

what is the indirect pathway of cortical input through the basal ganglia?

A
  1. cortex stimulate the sub thalamus nuclei
  2. excites the globus pallidus
  3. inhibits the thalamus
  4. cells are released from VLo (part of thalamus)
  5. this excites the SMA
21
Q

what is the function of the direct pathway of cortical input?

A

selects specific motor actions

22
Q

what is the function of the indirect pathway of cortical input?

A

suppresses competing/inappropriate action

23
Q

whats the main cause of Parkinsons disease?

A

degeneration of neurones in substrantia nigra (SN) and their dopaminergic (excitatory) inputs to the striatum

24
Q

what is the clinical complication of not being able to produce dopamine by the substantia nigra in parkinsons disease?

A

depletion of dopamine closes down activation of the focussed motor activities that funnel through thalamus to SMA
- difficulty making voluntary movements

25
Q

what causes Huntington disease?

A

profound loss of caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

- so loss of the ongoing inhibitory effects of the basal ganglia

26
Q

what is chorea ?

A

spontaneous, uncontrolled, rapid flicks and major movements with no purpose

27
Q

what is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

regulate movement

- instructs direction, timing and force

28
Q

what happens when there is a lesion on the cerebellum ?

A

uncoordinated inaccurate movements

29
Q

via what structure does the cerebellum send information back to the cortex?

A

ventrolateral thalamus

30
Q

state the four stages of the feedback loop involving the cerebellum?

A

pons, cerebellum, thalamus and back to cortex