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Neuro I > Motor Control - Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Motor Control - Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

without the basal ganglia, you’ll either end up

A

a) being unable to initiate the motion that will grab an objet
b) getting ‘stuck’ at the start of the motion, only able to repeat the action

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2
Q

the basal ganglia is actually

A

several nuclei in a loosely arranged group.

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3
Q

not all nuclei in the basal ganglia participate in motor control, but

A

most do

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4
Q

Nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra pars compacta
substantia nigra pars reticulata
putamen and caudate= striatum
globus pallidus internal (medial) segment
globus pallid us external (lateral) segment

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5
Q

striatium =

A

putamen and caudate nucleus

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6
Q

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic system
from
to
effects

A

SNPC
nuclei of striatum
D1 receptors +, D2 receptors -

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7
Q

The intrastriatal cholinergic system
between
effects

A

between the nuclei of the striatum

excitatiory

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8
Q

The striatonigral Gaba-ergig pathway
from
aka
leads to

A

stratum to the SNPR and Gpi
“the direct pathway”
initiation of movement

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9
Q

information leaves the basal ganglia via the

A

SNPR and GPi

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10
Q

the SNPR and the GPi project to the

A

thalamus, releasing GABA within the thalamus

  • to cortex via thalamus
  • to brainstem and spinal cord
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11
Q

Nuclei of the basal ganglia

A 
substantia nigra
-pars compacta
-pars reticulata
striatum
-caudate
-putamen
Globus pallidus
-external segment
-internal segment
subthalamic nucleus
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12
Q

neurotransmitters of the Basal ganglia (3)

A

dopamine
cholinergic
gabanergic

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13
Q

Dopamine system in basal ganglia
cell bodies
axons
receptors

A

substantia nigra pars compacta
travel to the striatum
D1 and D2 receptors on different neurons in striatum

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14
Q

CHolinergic system in the basal ganglia
cell bodies
axons
function

A

neurons of striatum
synaps on other neurons in striatum
excitation

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15
Q

GABAergic system in the basal ganglia
cell bodies
axons
function

A

striatum
travel to Globus pallid us internal segment and the substantial nigra pars reticulate
inhibition

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16
Q

Inputs of the basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra pars compacta receives input and relays them to the striatum

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17
Q

outputs of the basal ganglia

A

GPi and SNPR send axons to the thalamus - when activated they release GABA at synapses in the thalamus=inhibition of thalamus

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18
Q

Motor control - basal ganglia

what they do

A

control begining and to a lesser extent the end of movement

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19
Q

how do the basal ganglia work

A

by inhibition and withdrawal of that inhibition (to start movement)
excess of gabba

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20
Q

Basal ganglia work from ___via ____

A

cortex via corticostriate track

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21
Q

What receives the input for the basal ganglia

A

STRIATUM

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22
Q

Nigrostriatal path
from
tonic condition
NT

A

from SNPC
tonically active
dopaminergic

23
Q

Pars compact of substantial niagra sends _______ to act on the ____

A

dopamine Striatum

24
Q

the ____ receives most?all of the input related to motor control

A

putamen

25
Q

the effect of dopamine released in the striatum that there are

A

two distict pathways within the basal ganglia that control motion

26
Q

Direct pathway in the basal ganglia that controls motion

A

D1
excited by dopamine
allows motion

27
Q

Indirect pathway in the basal ganglia that controls motion

A

D2
inhibited by dopamine, excited by EAA/Ach
inhibits motion

28
Q

The direct pathway - from striatum to

A

SNPR and GPI
SNPC –>dopamine to Striatum=+
Striatal cell release GABA–> SNPR and GPI (-)
SNPR and GPi are inhibited and therefore release less GABA in the thalamus (thalamus is less inhibited)

29
Q

by inhibiting the SNPR and GPi, LESS GABBA is released in the ______. The _____ is then free to ______ allowing

A

thalamus.

thalamus is then free to excite the cortex, allowing the initiation of movement

30
Q

indirect pathway - from SNPCis _____ due to

A

inhibitory

striatal neurons that are part of the indirect pathway due to D2 reeptors

31
Q

To activate the indirect pathway, we must use input from

A

the cortex and the intrastriatal pathway

32
Q

Striatal neurons synapse on the _____ releasing _____

A

GPe, GABA

33
Q

by activating the stratal neurons we release _______ in the GPe. Result?

A

more GABA

(-) Gpe

34
Q

the neurons of the GPe synapse in the

A

subthalamic nucleus

35
Q

when the Gpe neurons are less active, there is ____ inhibition of the sub thalamic nucleus

A

less

36
Q

nt release by the Gpe

A

GABA

37
Q

neurons from the sub thalamic nucleus synapse in the_____. in the indirect pathway, since the sub thalamic neurons are less inhibited (more active) MORE _____ are released in the SNPR

A

snpr.

EAA

38
Q

What ne does the sub thalamic nucleus release

A

EAA

39
Q

with activation of the indirect pathway, there is ______ of the SNPR and GPI, meaning ______ is released in the talamus.

The thalamus is then ________, _______ing excitation of the cortex, resulting in ______

A

more excitation
more gaba

inhibited
decreasing
suppressing the initiation of movement

40
Q

Direct pathway - summary

A 
to activate - SNPC sends dopamine to striatum
dopamine binds D1 receptors
striatal neurons are excited
axons releas GABA in GPi and SNPR
when active - allows motion
41
Q

Indirect pathway - smmary

A

to activate- cortical inputs release EAA
striatal neurons of indirect path are excited
axons synapse in Gpe, release GABA
GPE axons travel to the sub thalamic nucleus (GABA)
axons from sub thalamic nucleus traeelt to Gpi and SNPR (EAA)
when active - inhibit motion

42
Q

parkinsons, the ____ input is abolished

A

SNPC

43
Q

parkinsons effects of SNPC input being abolished

A
  1. direct pathway beomes difficult to activate
  2. inidrec pathway becomes overactive, due to loo of inhibition

we see an inability to initiate motion

44
Q

Voluntary motion: association cortex - two major areas of function

A

planning of complex motor actions

carrying out of thought process

45
Q

Higher functions of the brain are in what cortex

A

prefronal cortex

46
Q

planning com complex motor actions -

A

prefrontal cortex interacts with parieto - temporal - occipital association areas and all levels of motor cortex

47
Q

planning of a complex motor action requires what areas of the cortex and brain

A

frontal association area
supplementary motor cortex
premotor cortex
cerebrocerebellum

48
Q

interactions between the fontal, premotor, supplementary motor, and basal ganglia determine

A

IF the motion will occur

49
Q

once the motion is planned, sequenced, and “approved”

A

the appropriate columns in the primary cortex are activated

50
Q

when the columns in the primary motor cortex are activated, APS travel down the _________ and activate the

A

pyramidal cells

the alphamotorneurons tha innervate the muscles needed to complete the motion

51
Q

in planned motions, the muscle spindle could be a problem as it will oppose every motion we make unless we do something about it. The brain :solves” this problem by

A

using the gamma motor neurons to trick the muscle spindle into believing that the muscle is not changing lengthe

52
Q

To make motion occur, if the brain activates the alpha motoneuron, and also activates

A

the gama motorneuron fro spindles in the contracting (agonist muscle)

53
Q

To make motion occur, if the brain inhibits the alpha motor neuron, it also inhibits the

A

gamma motorneruon fro spindles in the stretchin (antagonist) muscle

54
Q

ONce the motion has started, the _____ is used to make sure the motion is correct

A

spinocerebellum

Neuro I (30 decks)

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