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ESA 5 - Nervous System > Motor Disorders > Flashcards

Flashcards in Motor Disorders Deck (38)
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1
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

In the posterior cranial fossa at the back of the brain

2
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the occipital and parietal lobes?

A

By the tenorium cerebelli

3
Q

How is the cerebellum seperated from the pons?

A

By the 4th ventricle

4
Q

Where does the cerebellum have an important role?

A

In motor control and coordination

5
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

The vermis (midline) and two lateral hemispheres

6
Q

What is the role of the vermis?

A

It regulates the trunk musculature

7
Q

What is the role of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres?

A

They regulate distal structures, i.e. the limbs

8
Q

Are tracts ipsilateral or contralateral in the cerebellum?

A

Ipsilateral

9
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with the brainstem?

A

Via the cerebellar peduncles

10
Q

What are the names of the cerebellar peduncles?

A
  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
11
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle attach?

A

The cerebellum to the midbrain

12
Q

What does the middle cerebellular peduncle attach?

A

The cerebellum to the pons

13
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle attach?

A

The cerebellum to the medulla (ps I changed this one Mollie, thank me later x)

14
Q

What can midline lesions of the cerebellum cause?

A

Truncal ataxia and abnormal gait

15
Q

What can extension of midline lesions of the cerebellum cause?

A
  • 4th cranial nerve lesions
  • Ipsilateral arm tremors
  • Compression of the 4th ventricle
  • Hydrocephalus
16
Q

Where do cerebellular hemisphere lesions cause symptoms?

A

Ipsilaterally

17
Q

What are the symptoms of cerebellar hemisphere lesions?

A
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
  • Ataxia
  • Nystagmus
  • Intention tremor
  • Scanning dysarthria
  • Heel-shin test positivity
18
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

The area of the brain known to be involved in motor function

19
Q

What are the important structures in the basal ganglia?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Lentiform nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
20
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

A
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus externa
  • Globus pallidus interna
21
Q

What is the substantia nigra made up of?

A
  • Pars compacta
  • Pars reticularis
22
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

It stimulates motor activity in the cerebral cortex

23
Q

What does the output of the basal ganglia travel via?

A

The thalamus

24
Q

What kind of neurones are most of those in the striatum?

A

GABAergic

25
Q

What is the substantia nigra made up of?

A
  • Pigmented neurones called the pars compacta dorsally
  • Ventral strip called the pars reticularis
26
Q

What kind of neurones are found in the substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

Dopaminergic

27
Q

How is the circuiraty of the basal ganglia arranged?

A

In direct and indirect pathways, to the thalamus

28
Q

What is the overall net effect of the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

Thalamic stimulation of the motor cortex

29
Q

How can basal ganglia disorders manifest?

A
  • Abnormal motor control
  • Altered posture
  • Affects muscle tone
  • Dyskinesia
30
Q

What is Parkinsons disease?

A

A chronic, progressive movement disorder

31
Q

What is Parkinsons disease characterised by?

A

Triad of bradykinesia, tremor, and ridigity

32
Q

What is the pathological process in Parkinsons disease?

A

Degeneration of the substantia nigra causes deficiency of dopamine

33
Q

Other than the characteristic triad, what are the features associated with Parkinsons disease?

A
  • Hypophonia
  • Reduced facial expression
  • Micrographia
  • Dementia
  • Depression
34
Q

What is Huntingtons disease?

A

A progressive neurological disorder

35
Q

What is the inheritence pattern of Huntingtons disease?

A

Autosomal dominant

36
Q

When is the onset of Huntingtons disease?

A

30-50 years

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntingtons disease?

A
  • Chorea
  • Dystonia
  • Incoordination
  • Cognitive decline
  • Behavioural difficulties
38
Q

What is the pathological process of Huntingtons disease?

A

Associated with cell loss within the basal ganglia and cortex