Movement Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tremor?

A

Involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part, usually due to reciprocal antagonistic muscle groups

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2
Q

Resting tremors are minimal/absent during activity. True/False?

A

True

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3
Q

Action tremors incorporate which tremors and are always below what frequency?

A

Always below 13Hz

Postural, kinetic or intention tremors

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4
Q

Which tremor is associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor

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5
Q

Intention tremors occur during voluntary movement and can be signs of which brain region dysfunction?

A

Cerebellar disorder

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6
Q

Give examples of causes of physiological tremors

A

Stress
Anxiety
Stimulants
Postural changes

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7
Q

A cerebellar tremor usually occurs unilaterally. True/False?

A

True

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8
Q

Which tremor is more associated with family history - resting or essential/postural?

A

Essential/postural tremor

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9
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Involuntary sustained muscle contraction in a body part leading to abnormal posture
Can lead to twisting, intermittent spasms and repetitive movement

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10
Q

Dystonias can be generalised or focal/segmental. What is the main treatment for each?

A

Generalised dystonia: anticholinergic, muscle relaxants

Focal/segmental: botox injection

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11
Q

List some diseases associated with secondary dystonias

A

Wilson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebral palsy

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12
Q

What is chorea?

A

Non-rhythmic jerky purposeless movement, akin to fidgetiness, usually generalised but may be confined

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13
Q

List inherited causes of choreas

A

Huntington disease
Wilson’s disease
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Neuroacanthocytosis

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14
Q

List autoimmune causes of chorea

A
SLE
Anti-phospholipid syndrome
Behcet disease
Coeliac disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Sydenham's chorea
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15
Q

Which drugs can provide symptomatic relief for choreas?

A

Tetrabenazine

Dopamine blockers

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16
Q

What are tics?

A

Non-rhythmic stereotypical rapid movements that provide relief after doing them

17
Q

Give examples of tics

A

Eye blinking
Clearing throat
Arm swinging
Shouting/singing out loud

18
Q

What is the main primary tics disorder?

A

Tourette’s syndrome

19
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Brief, shock-like muscle contraction