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Flashcards in Murmurs Deck (26)
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1
Q

What are the two types of systolic murmur and two types of diastolic murmur?

A

Pansystolic

Ejection systolic

Early diastolic

Mid diastolic

2
Q

What is a pan systolic murmur?

A

Starts at S1, extends up to S2 Usually due to regurgitation

Sound looks like block

3
Q

What is an ejection systolic murmur?

A

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur Starts at S1 ends at S2

4
Q

What is an early diastolic murmur?

A

Decrescendo Starts at S2 ends at S1

5
Q

What is a mid diastolic murmur?

A

Starts at S2 ends at S1 Looks wavy

6
Q

What is the difference between left-sided and right-sided murmurs?

A

Right sided murmurs are louder with inspiration

7
Q

Which murmurs are always pathological?

A

Diastolic murmurs

8
Q

What is a valve stenosis?

A

valves which don’t open properly

9
Q

What is valve regurgitation?

A

Valves which do not close properly

10
Q

What is mixed valve disease

A

Valves which don’t open or close properly

11
Q

What are some causes of aortic stenosis? (SYSTOLIC)

A
  • Degenerative - Congenital - Rheumatic
12
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?

A
  • Breathlessness - Chest pain - Dizziness/syncope
13
Q

What murmur are these signs indicating?

A
  • Low volume pulse - Forceful displaced apex - Ejection systolic murmur that can radiate to the carotids
14
Q

What is the treatment for aortic stenosis?

A
  • Conventional valve replacement - Trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) - Balloon Aortic Valvotomy (BAV)
15
Q

What are the causes of mitral regurgitation? (SYSTOLIC)

A
  • Mitral valve prolapse - Rheumatic (damaged valves) - Endocarditis - Chordae/papillary muscle rupture - Myxomatous (floppiness)
16
Q

What are the symptoms of mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Breathlessness - Peripheral oedema - Fatigue
17
Q

What are signs of mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Displaced apex - Pansystolic murmur
18
Q

What is the treatment for mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Diuretics - ACE inhibitors - Repair - Replace - Clips in infancy
19
Q

What are the main causes of mitral stenosis? (DIASTOLIC)

A
  • Rheumatic heart disease (valve damage) most common - Congenital (rare)
20
Q

What are the symptoms for mitral stenosis?

A
  • Breathlessness - Fatigue - Palpitations (AF)
21
Q

What are the signs of mitral stenosis?

A
  • Malar flush - Tapping apex beat (palpable first heart sound) - Mid diastolic rumbling (diastolic murmur localised to apex)
22
Q

What is the treatment for mitral stenosis?

A
  • Diuretics - Treat atrial fibrillation - Valve replacement surgery - Balloon valvuloplasty
23
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation? (diastolic)

A
  • Endocarditis - Connective tissue diseases - Rheumatic - Marfans (disorder of connective tissue) - Aortic dissection
24
Q

What is the main symptom for aortic regurgitation?

A

Breathlessness

25
Q

What are the signs for aortic regurgitation?

A
  • Collapsing pulse - Wide pulse pressure - Displaced apex - Early diastolic murmur on left sternal edge
26
Q

What is the usual treatment for aortic regurgitation?

A
  • ACE inhibitors - LV dilation - Valve replacement