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Systems Pathology Exam One > Musculoskeletal Disorders Part 2 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Disorders Part 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three phases of Paget’s Disease?

A

Osteolytic phase, mixed osteolytic and osteoblastic phase, osteosclerotic phase

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1
Q

What is the older term for Paget’s Disease?

A

Osteitis Deformans

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2
Q

What occurs in Paget’s Disease?

A

Massively enlarged, disorganized, and irregular bone that is prone to fractures

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3
Q

The appearance of Paget’s Disease of the pelvis on X-ray is what?

A

Fuzzy/shaggy looking

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4
Q

What is the name of the perpendicular fractures seen on X-ray with Paget’s Disease?

A

Chalk stick fracture

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5
Q

What is the appearance of the bone cells with Paget’s Disease?

A

Mosaic, jigsaw puzzle appearance

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6
Q

Most cases of Paget’s Disease are asymptomatic: true or false?

A

True (up to 90%)

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7
Q

What are the general symptoms of Paget’s Disease when they’re present?

A

Bone pain, multiple fractures, nerve compression

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8
Q

What is found in the diagnosis of Paget’s Disease?

A

Increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase

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9
Q

What is a positive note on the current findings of Paget’s Disease diagnoses?

A

It is becoming less common and less severe

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10
Q

What population is more like to develop Paget’s Disease?

A

Caucasians

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11
Q

Why are there increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase in those with Paget’s Disease?

A

It is a byproduct of osteoblast activity

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12
Q

When ivory vertebra sign is present, what are likely causes?

A

Paget’s Disease, metastatic cancer (usually from prostate cancer), lymphoma

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13
Q

What is ivory vertebra sign?

A

Increased density of one specific vertebral level

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14
Q

If a patient comes in saying they’ve noticed their hats don’t quite fit anymore, it could be indicative of what condition?

A

Paget’s Disease

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15
Q

What named conditions result from vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets (in children) or osteomalacia (in adults)

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16
Q

What is the average age of diagnosis of Paget’s Disease?

A

70 years (older individuals)

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17
Q

What gender is at a greater risk for Paget’s Disease?

A

Males (2X)

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Paget’s Disease?

A

Bisphosphonates

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19
Q

What is the intention with treating Paget’s Disease with bisphosphonates?

A

Slowing of the osteolytic (first) phase

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20
Q

Vitamin D deficiency has what effect on bone?

A

Decreased bone mineralization (less calcium)

21
Q

What are ways vitamin D deficiency can occur?

A

Malnutrition, deficient UV Rays, abnormal metabolism

22
Q

Femoral and tibial bowing is a sign of what condition?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

23
Q

Which is more severe: rickets or osteomalacia?

A

Rickets

24
Q

Osteomalacia is associated with what issue?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

25
Q

Osteomalacia is similar to what condition?

A

Osteoporosis

26
Q

What is secreted from the parathyroid glands?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

27
Q

What is the main function of the parathyroid glands?

A

Maintains serum calcium (in blood)

28
Q

What type of hyperparathyroidism involves autonomous PTH production?

A

Primary

29
Q

What is the most common cause of excessive PTH?

A

From an adenoma (80%)

30
Q

Excessive PTH has what kind of effect on bone cells?

A

Increased osteoclast activity

31
Q

What is absorbed more heavily from renal tubules in a state of excessive amounts of PTH?

A

Vitamin D and calcium

32
Q

What can result from secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Mild renal failure

33
Q

How is hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?

A

Hypercalcemia, parathyroid immunoassay

34
Q

What is the most common nonmalignant cause of hypercalcemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

In which group is hyperparathyroidism most common?

A

Post menopausal women

36
Q

In what percentage of cases is hyperparathyroidism asymptomatic?

A

> 50%

37
Q

Hyperparathyroidism results in resorption of what type of bone?

A

BOTH cortical and trabecular bone

38
Q

When cortical and trabecular bone are resorbed in hyperparathyroidism, what replaces that bone?

A

Loose connective tissue

39
Q

In what condition can a “brown tumor” result?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

40
Q

What is a “brown tumor”?

A

Collection of loose connective tissue filling a space, giving off a bloody appearance (not actually a tumor but a lesion)

41
Q

Renal stones, peptic ulcers, bowing of long bones, and pathological fractures are present with what condition?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

42
Q

The salt & pepper skull is indicative of what condition?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

43
Q

What is a condition that produces holes in the skull that can appear similar to the salt and pepper skull seen on X-rays of those with hyperparathyroidism?

A

Multiple myeloma

44
Q

Rugger-jersey spine is seen on X-rays of those with what condition?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

45
Q

Bone pain, fractures, deformation, kidney stones, nausea, anorexia, fatigue, and decreased cognition are features of what condition?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

46
Q

What are possible treatments for hyperparathyroidism?

A

Drinking water and physical activity, avoidance of diuretics (water pills)

47
Q

Is hyperparathyroidism possibly reversible?

A

Yes, with normalization of PTH levels

48
Q

Subperiosteal resorption of the radial side of the middle phalanges is unique to what condition?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

49
Q

What issues in muscle can be seen with hyperparathyroidism?

A

Weakness, aches, and fasciculations

Systems Pathology Exam One (7 decks)

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