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MSK > Neoplastic pathology > Flashcards

Neoplastic pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What genetic techniques can be employed on fresh tissue?

A

Karyotyping

FISH

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2
Q

How is karyotyping carried out?

A

Culture cells and then arrest during cell division

Useful for an over-view of chrosomal structure but will not detect smal lesions

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3
Q

What is FISH useful for?

A

For known translocations
Can paint the relevant small area of chromosomes
Performed on fixed tissue

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4
Q

What is immunohistochemistry used for?

A

To determine if a protein is present - place a pigment on an antibody to the target protein and any pigment staning left means the protein is present

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5
Q

What are some common benign lesions?

A

Ganglion cyst
Giant cell tumour
Fibromatosis

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6
Q

What are some rare benign lesions?

A

Fibrous cortical defect

Fibrous dysplasia

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7
Q

What is a ganglion cyst?

A

Peripheral lump near a joint capsule or tendon sheath - common around wrist
Not a true cyst - no epithelial linning

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8
Q

What does a ganglion cyst look like histologically?

A

Space with myxoid material. Secondary inflammatory changes

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9
Q

What are some examples of superfiical fibromatosises?

A

Duptryen’s contracture
Knuckle pads
Plantar
Penile - peryonie’s

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10
Q

What are some examples of deep fibromatoses?

A

Mesenteric or pelvic
Desmoid tumours
Associcated with FAP

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11
Q

What are giant cell tumours?

A

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) - large joints

Giant celll tumour of tendon sheath (GCTS) - digits

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12
Q

What is the difference between GCTS and PVNS

A

GCTS is small nodules that are easily excised

PVNS are more destructive and diffuse in a joint space

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13
Q

Where do angiolipomas commonly occur?

A

Multiple and peripheral

Vascular with fibrin thrombi

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14
Q

What are the lesions that cause pain?

A 
ANGEL:
Angiolipoma
Neuroma (traumatic)
Glomous tumour (nail beds)
Eccrine spiradenoma
Leiomyoma (cutaneous)
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15
Q

What molecular test can be done to detect a leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma?

A

IHC to detect actin, desmin or caldesmon

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16
Q

What is the malignant tumour of skeletal muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

17
Q

Who is likely to get a cardiac rhabdomyoma?

A

Paedeatric

18
Q

What are the different types of rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Embryonal
Alveolar
Pleomorphic

19
Q

What are the common tumours of cartilage?

A

Enchondroma

Chondromyxoid fibroma

20
Q

Where is enchondroma commonly found?

A

Digits

Can be part of ollier’s or maffuci syndrome

21
Q

Who is the sarcoma of cartilage likely to affect?

A

40s/50s

Affects axial skeleton and H&N

22
Q

What are the different types of benign bone tumours?

A

Osteoma
Gardner’s syndrome
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoblastoma

23
Q

What is the most common malignant bone tumour?

A

Osteosarcoma - paeds, affects knees and commonly spreads to lungs

24
Q

How can an osteosarcoma be diagnosed radiologically?

A

Codman’s triangle - the triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion, often a tumour, raises the periosteum away from the bone

25
Q

What are the different types of malignant bone tumours?

A

Osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma

26
Q

Who does ewing’s sarcoma affect?

A

Children and adolescents

27
Q

Where will ewings sarcoma present?

A

Any soft tissue or bony location but commonly long bones

Destructive, rapipdly growing and highly malignant

28
Q

What type of cell does ewing’s sarcoma originate from?

A

Primitive mesenchymal or neuroectdermal cell

29
Q

What genetic abnormalities are associted with ewing’s sarcoma?

A

t(11;22)

30
Q

What is a pseudosarcoma?

A

Tissues undergoing repiar often appear very atypical and the diagnosis can be very difficult

31
Q

What is nodular fascitis?

A

Any age group, rapid growth

History of preceeding trauma

32
Q

What does nodular fasciitis look like histologically?

A 
Very chaotic appearance
Haemorrhage
Pseudocystic spaces
Large, atypical cells
Frequent mitoses
33
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

Affects big muscles - quadriceps, gluteus

34
Q

What autoantibodies with scleroderma show?

A

Diffuse anti-scl-70

Anti-centromere

35
Q

What autoantibodies witll sjogrens show?

A

Anti Ro La

36
Q

What will dermatomyositis show?

A

Anti Jo

37
Q

What will amyloidosis look like histologically?

A

Apple green birefringence with congo red staining

38
Q

What antibodies will RA produce?

A

Rheumatoid factor

IgM

39
Q

What will occur to the joint space in RA?

A

Cartilage is destroyed
Pannus formation - inflammatory cells, hyperplastic synovium
IgM mediated so many IgM cells

MSK (34 decks)

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