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Medicine P1 > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the sympathetic cell bodies located?

A

T1-L2 spinal ganglia

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2
Q

What does the sympathetic NS used as preganglionic neurotransmitter & what is the receptor for this?

A

ACh

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic NS used as postganglionic neurotransmitter & what is the receptor for this?

A

Adrenaline

Adrenergic

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4
Q

Where are the parasympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 & spinal nerve ganglia S2-S4

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5
Q

What does the parasympathetic NS use as its preganglionic & postganglionic neurotransmitter and what are the receptors for this?

A

ACh
Cholinergic
Pre = nicotinic cholinergic
Post = muscarinic cholinergic

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6
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurones?

A

Unipolar - cell body as projection from axon
Bipolar - cell bodies in middle of axon
Multipolar - cell bodies in centre of dendrites

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7
Q

What are the 3 functional types of neurons?

A

Afferent - sensory to CNS
Efferent - CNS to tissues
Interneurons - within CNS

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8
Q

What is the CNS myelinated by?

A

Oligodendrocytes (type of glial cell)

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9
Q

What is the PNS myelinated by?

A

Schwann cells

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10
Q

What is the purpose of myelination?

A

Acts as insulating later to prevent movement of Na+ & K+ across axon
Nodes of Ranvier act to propagate action potential faster by saltatory conduction

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11
Q

What moves substances along an axon?

What are the 2 proteins involved in transport & in which direction do they move substances?

A

Microtubules & proteins
Microtubules made from proteins
Kinesins - transport substances away from cell body (anterograde transport)
Dyneins - transport substances towards cell body (retrograde transport)

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12
Q

What are the 4 main types of glial cell?

A

Oligodendrocytes - myelination of CNS
Astrocytes - BBB, role in control of brain ECF composition, metabolically support neutrons
Microglia - macrophage like
Ependymal cells - line ventricles & regulate production of CSF

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13
Q

What is the refractory period of an action potential?

A

The period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation due to Na+ channels already being open

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a refractory period?

A

To insure the impulse travels in only 1 direction

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15
Q

What is the speed of an action potential determined by?

A

Axon diameter

Myelination

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16
Q

What are the 2 structures of the external ear?

A

Auricle

External acoustic meatus

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17
Q

Where does the middle ear lie?

A

Within the temporal bone

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18
Q

What are the 4 main parts to the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane
Auditory ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
Muscles (contract to protect from loud noises) - tensor tympani, stapedius
Auditory tube - middle ear to nasopharynx, equates pressure

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19
Q

What is the tensor tympani innervated by?

A

V3 Mandibular

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20
Q

What is the stapedius innervated by?

A

CN Facial (VII)

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21
Q

Where does the inner ear lie?

A

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone

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22
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the inner ear?

A

Bony labyrinth - bone cavities filled with perilymph
Membranous labyrinth - ducts within bony filled with endolymph
Oval window

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth?

A

Vestibule - central part
Cochlea - houses cochlear duct
Semicircular canals - contain semicircular ducts

24
Q

What does the spiral lamina do?

A

Projection from centre of cochlea that divides cochlea into 2 chambers
Scala vestibuli superiorly
Scala tympani inferiorly

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the membranous labyrinth?

A

Vestibular system - semicircular ducts, saccule, utricle

Cochlear duct

26
Q

What is the purposes of the organ of Corti?

A

Conversion of pressure changes in cochlea into electrical impulses sent to the brain

27
Q

What are the differences between the region of the cochlear duct that experiences maximum displacement according to frequency?

A

Higher - vibration of part closest to oval window

Lower - vibrations travel further along scala vestibule & vibrate more distal sections

28
Q

What are the hair cells?

A

Mechanoreceptor cells that have hair-like projections from the top of them (stereocilia)

29
Q

How do vibrations cause an electrical impulse?

A
  • Stereocilia in contact with tectorial membrane that overlies organ of Corti & remains stationary during vibrations
  • Pressure waves cause displacement of basilar membrane
  • Hair cells move & sterocilia bend
  • Tip links between ends stretched
  • Physically opens mechanically-gated ion channels
  • Influx of K+ (surrounding endolymph is K+ rich)
  • Depolarisation
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels near base open
  • Glutamate released into space between hair cell & afferent neutron fibres
  • Form cochlear branch of CNVIII
30
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

Internal acoustic meatus > ipsilateral cochlear nucleus complex >
trapezoid body >
contralateral superior olivary nucleus >
lateral lemniscus >
inferior colliculus >
medial geniculate body > primary auditory cortex
I’M AUDITORY

31
Q

How do the semicircular canals detect acceleration?

A

The canals move & the endolymph doesn’t
Inside surface of canals move against fluid
Bending of sterocilia
Stimulation of afferent neurons

32
Q

What are the sterocilia in the semicircular canals ensheafed by?

A

Cupula, a gelatinous mass

33
Q

What makes the hair cells more easily subject to gravity in the utricle & saccule?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals, otoliths

34
Q

What 3 nuclei make up the vestibular nuclei?

A

Medial - semicircular canal
Superior - semicircular canal
Lateral - utricle & saccule

35
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Controls movements by facilitating & inhibiting

36
Q

What do the direct & indirect pathways do?

A

Direct - make & maintain movements

Indirect - inhibits & prevents movements

37
Q

What are 2 disorders of the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease (not enough dopamine)

Huntington’s disease (too much dopamine)

38
Q

What is a motor end plate?

A

A region of muscle fibre’s plasma membrane that lies directly beneath an axon’s terminal plasma membrane

39
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Junction of axon terminal & motor end plate

40
Q

What is the difference between synapses & NMJs?

A

All action potentials in motor neurone usually trigger an AP in muscle fibres
All NMJs are excitatory

41
Q

What extra-ocular muscles originate from the common tendinous ring?

A

Rectus x4

Superior oblique

42
Q

What are the 4 stages of an action potential?

A

1) resting potential = Na+/K+atpase pump pumps 3Na+ out & 2K+ in; some K+ diffuses out
2) depolarisation = stimulus causes some Na+ channels to open; Na+ influx
3) repolarisation = some K+ channels open & Na+ channels close; K+ diffuse out
4) hyperpolarisation = K+ slow to close; overshoot; helps refractory period

43
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between 2 neurons where the electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron influences the activity in the post-synaptic neuron

44
Q

What are the 2 types of synapse?

A

Chemical (excitatory, inhibitory, modulatory)

Electrical

45
Q

What is convergence? (synapse)

A

Many presynaptic neurons influencing one postsynaptic neuron

46
Q

What is divergence? (synapse)

A

One presynaptic neurone influences many postsynaptic neuron

47
Q

What are the 7 stages of transmission across a synapse?

A

1) AP depolarises pre-synaptic axon terminal membrane
2) Na+ voltage-gated channels open & influx
3) Ca2+ channels open & influx
4) synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic axon terminal & release contents by exocytosis
5) neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft & diffuse across
6) bind to receptor proteins on post-
7) ligand gated ion channels open & propagate AP

48
Q

What are 3 ways of neurotransmitter termination?

A
  • Reuptake by astrocyes/presynaptic terminal
  • Destroyed by enzymes
  • Diffuse away from site
49
Q

What are glutamate & GABA in the brain?

A

Neurotransmitters
Glutamate - excitatory
GABA - inhibitory

50
Q

What is the definition of pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.

51
Q

Define referred pain

A

Pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source

52
Q

What are 2 classifications of pain relating to time?

A

Acute pain - <12 weeks
Chronic pai >12 weeks (or pain that persists after the time that healing would have been thought to have occurred after trauma or surgery)

53
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic pain?

A

Nociceptive

Neuropathic

54
Q

What are 2 other classifications of pain? (chronic)

A

cancer pain

chronic non-cancer pain

55
Q

Where does the process of pain begin & what tracts does it involve?

A

Spinothalamic tract - sensory pathway that carries pain. Forms anterolateral tract in second order neurones (lateral STT associates pain)

56
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

sensory neurons that are found in any area of the body that can sense pain either externally or internally

Medicine P1 (7 decks)

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