Neuro Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal reflexes of the thoracic and pelvic limbs

A

Withdrawal - both pelvic and thoracic limbs

Patellar reflex - pelvic limbs

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2
Q

Spinal cord segments of the cat and dog

A
  • Dog: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 7 lumbar; 3 sacral; & 5 caudal = 36 total
  • Cat: 8 cervical; 13 thoracic; 7 lumbar; 3 sacral; & 5 caudal = 36 total
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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of the patellar reflex - What spinal cord segments, nerve roots and peripheral nerves?

A
  • Monosynaptic
  • L4-6 spinal cord
    segments
  • L4-6 nerve roots
  • Femoral nerve
  • Innervates the
    quadriceps for
    extension of the stifle
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4
Q

Describe the characteristics of the withdrawal reflex? Which spinal cord segments does it affect?

A

-Polysynaptic
- Pelvic limb  L6-S1
- Sciatic nerve
- Thoracic limb 
C6-T2  multiple
nerves
- Innervates muscles
for flexion of the limb

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5
Q

What does deep pain sensation suggest?

A

A positive deep pain sensation requires a cortical
response such as crying, biting or trying to get away. It is the last reflex to leave. Negative deep pain suggests poor prognosis

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6
Q

Minor spinal reflexes to test?

A
  • Biceps reflex
  • Triceps reflex
  • Extensor carpi radialis reflex
  • Gastrocnemius reflex
  • Cranial tibial reflex
    These reflexes are less reliable!
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7
Q

Describe the Cutaneous Trunci (Panniculus) Reflex

A
- Stimulus dermatome –
the area of skin for an
individual dorsal root
- Info travels bilaterally
in the spinal cord
- Both lateral thoracic
nerve (C8-T1)
- Bilateral cutaneous
trunci contraction
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8
Q

Frontal lobe houses the….

A

motor cortex

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9
Q

The parietal lobe houses the …

A

somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

The occipital lobe houses the…

A

visual cortex

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11
Q

the temporal lobe houses the…

A

auditory and behavioral cortices

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves are supratentorial

A

1 and 2

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13
Q

Which cranial nerves are infratentorial

A

CN 3-12

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14
Q

Optic nerve - motor or sensory?

A

sensory

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15
Q

Optic nerve - pathway?

A
- Cell bodies in the
ganglionic layer of
retina
- Axon enters optic
canal
- Axons course to optic
chiasm --> *optic tract
- *optic radiation -->
*occipital lobe (visual
cortex)
* contralateral side
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16
Q

Oculomotor - motor or sensory?

A

motor

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17
Q

Oculomotor (CN3) innervates what?

A
- Extraocular mm:
medial rectus
dorsal rectus
ventral rectus
ventral oblique
levator palpebrae
(skeletal)
- Constrictor muscles
of the pupil (smooth
- parasympathetic)
- Exit: orbital fissure
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18
Q

CN 4 – Trochlear Nerve - motor or sensory?

A

motor

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19
Q

CN 4 – Trochlear Nerve - innervates what?

A
  • Extraocular mm:
    Contralateral dorsal
    oblique (skeletal)
  • Exit: orbital fissure
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20
Q

Ophthalmic Branch of the trigeminal - innervates what? Exit hole?

A

Sensory
to the eyeball and
medial canthus; exit
orbital fissure

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21
Q

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal innervates what? Exit hole?

A

Maxillary – Sensory to
the maxilla, exit rostral
alar foramen

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22
Q

Mandibular branch of the trigeiminal innervates what? Exit hole?

A
Mandibular – Sensory
to mandible AND Motor
to the muscles of
mastication - masseter,
temporalis, caudal
digastricus (skeletal),
exit oval foramen
23
Q

CN 7 – Facial Nerve is both sensory and motor. The sensory functions are what?

A
  • Sensory to middle ear,
    blood vessels of head
  • Sensory to palate, rostral
    2/3 tongue (taste)
24
Q

CN 7 – Facial Nerve is both sensory and motor. The motor functions are what?

A
- Motor to muscles of facial
expression – ears, eyelid
(orbicularis oculi), cheeks,
lips, rostral digastricus
(skeletal)
- Motor mandibular /
submandibular salivary
glands, lacrimal glands,
nasal glands (smooth -
parasympathetic)
25
Q

Exit of the facial nerve?

A

Exit: stylomastoid foramen

26
Q

CN 8 - Vestibulocochlear N - functions

A
  • Sensory: Hearing
  • Vestibular system
  • No exit
27
Q

CN9 – Glossopharyngeal N is both sensory and motor. What are the sensory functions?

A
  • Sensory to cartoid body
    and sinus
  • Sensory to caudal tongue
    and rostral pharynx (taste)
28
Q

CN9 – Glossopharyngeal N is both sensory and motor. What are the motor functions?

A
- Motor to pharyngeal
muscles (skeletal)
- Motor to zygomatic /
parotid salivary glands
(smooth- parasympathetic)
29
Q

Exit of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Exit: tympanooccipital

fissure

30
Q

CN 10 – Vagus Nerve has sensory and motor functions. What are the sensory functions?

A
- Sensory to aortic body /
sinus, pharynx, larynx,
thoracic / abdominal
cavity
- Sensory for caudal
pharynx and larynx
(taste)
31
Q

CN 10 – Vagus Nerve has sensory and motor functions. What are the motor functions?

A
- Motor to the pharynx,
larynx, esophagus
(skeletal)
- Motor to esophagus,
organs of the thorax /
abdomen (smooth - para)
32
Q

exit of the vagus nerve?

A

Exit: tympanooccipital

33
Q

CN 11 – Accessory N

Internal branch motor or sensory?

A

motor

34
Q

CN 11 – Accessory N

Internal branch functions?

A
- Motor to esophagus,
organs of the thorax /
abdomen (smooth - para)
by joining the vagus
- Motor to the pharynx,
larynx, esophagus
(skeletal) by joining the
vagus
35
Q

CN 11 – Accessory N

External branch functions?

A
  • Motor to the trapezius,
    sternocephalicus,
    brachicephalicus
36
Q

Exit of the accessory nerve?

A

Exit: tympanooccipital

37
Q

CN 12 – Hypoglossal N function and exit

A
  • Motor to tongue
    (skeletal)
  • Exit: hypoglossal
    canal
38
Q

Which CNs have

parapsympathetic functions?

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10, 11

39
Q

Menace response - pathway

A
AFFERENT: Optic nerve (CN 2)
- optic chiasm
- *optic tract
- *thalamus (lateral geniculate)
- *visual / occipital cortex
- *motor / frontal cortex
- descending tracts
 cerebellar influence
EFFERENT: Facial nerve (CN 7) 
---BLINK
40
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex - Pathway

A
AFFERENT: Optic nerve (CN 2)
 optic chiasm
 *optic tract
 *pretectal area
EFFERENT: Occulomotor nerve (CN3)
bilaterally - direct and indirect
pupillary constriction
41
Q

Occulovestibular Reflex - What nerves are tested?

AKA “doll’s eye” reflex or physiologic
nystagmus

A

Tests the following:

  • CN 8 – vestibular component
  • MLF – medial longitudinal fasciculus
  • CN 3 – occulomotor nerve
  • CN 4 – trochlear nerve
  • CN 6 – abducent nerve
42
Q

Ocular Sensation (Reflex) - Pathway

A
Afferent: Trigeminal nerve (CN5) 
-ophthalmic branch
Efferent: Facial nerve (CN 7)
- blink
Abducent nerve (CN 6)
- eyeball retraction and
elevation of third eyelid
43
Q

Palpebral Reflex - Pathway

A
Afferent: Trigeminal nerve (CN5)
-maxillary / ophthalmic
branches
Efferent: Facial nerve (CN 7)
- blink
44
Q

Facial Reflex - Pathway

A
Afferent: Trigeminal nerve (CN5)
- ophthalmic / maxillary /
mandibular branches
Efferent: Facial nerve (CN 7)
- blink and twitch
45
Q

Facial Response pathway

A
Trigeminal nerve (CN 5) – ophthalmic
- *thalamus
- *somatosensory / parietal cortex
- *motor cortex
Descending pathways to move head /
body away from stimulus (pull-away
response)
46
Q

Gag reflex - what nerves?

A

CN 9 or 10

47
Q

Perineal reflex -

A
1. constriction of the anus
(anal tone)  pudendal
nerve  S1-3
2. flexion of tail  caudal
spinal cord segments
48
Q

Deep pain requires ….

A

a cortical response

49
Q

Spinal cord segments

A
C1-5
C6-T2 (T intumescence) 
T3-L3
L4-S3 (P intumescence) 
Cd
50
Q

Components of the LMN

A
  • Spinal cord segments (C6-T2, L4-sacral)
  • Peripheral nerves – afferent / efferent*
  • Neuromuscular junction*
  • Muscle (effector organ)*
  • Part of the PNS
51
Q

Characteristics of a UMN problem

A
- Normal to
increased spinal
reflexes
- Normal to
increased muscle
tone
- Disuse muscle
atrophy
52
Q

Characteristics of LMN problem

A
- Decreased to
absent spinal
reflexes
- Decreased to
absent muscle tone
- Neurogenic muscle
atrophy
53
Q

3 times of muscle atrophy

A
  • Disuse – evolves more slowly, less severe
  • Neurogenic – fast, severe
  • Primary Myopathic - variable