anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
dorsal
toward the back
ventral
toward the belly
rostral
toward the nose
caudal
toward the tail
medial
toward midline
lateral
away from midline
ipsilateral
same side of midline
contralateral
opposite side of midline
decussation
crossing midline
superior
toward top
inferior
toward bottom
superficial
toward surface
deep
away from surface
white matter/gray matter
brain - gray surrounds white spine - white surrounds gray
sympathetic nervous system
fight-or-flight
parasympathetic
rest and digest
spinal nerve composition
dorsal root and ventral root
dorsal root direction
into spine
ventral root direction
out of spine
spinal cord gray matter division
top to bottom: dorsal horn, intermediate zone, ventral horn
spinal cord white matter division
top to bottom: dorsal column, lateral column, ventral column
divisions of the spine
cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5)
lateral pathways
voluntary movements
ventromedial pathways
control posture and reflex movements
sulci
grooves/ditches in brain
gyri
outpouching in brain
frontal
motor
parietal
somatosensory
occipital
visual
temporal
audition
insula
gustatory (taste)
endodorm
innermost develops into internal organ lining
mesoderm
middle layer develops into bones and muscle
ectoderm
outermost develops into nervous system and skin
neural plate
portion of ectoderm that develops into nervous system
neural tube
tube develops from inward folding of neural plate
neurulation
process creating neural tube
CNS Neural Tube Development
medial neural plate –> neural groove –> neural tube –> CNS
PNS Neural Tube Development
lateral neural plate –> neural fold –> neural crest –> PNS
neuropore
openings in the neural tube
anencephaly
failure to close anterior end of neural tube (death)
spina bifida
failure to close posterior end of neural tube
prosencephalon
rostral end of neural tube (forebrain)
mesencephalon
midbrain
rhombencephalon
caudal end of neural tube (hindbrain)
BrdU
substitutes for thymidine and shows neurogenesis
where neural stem cells tend to exist
walls of ventricles - subventricular zone, dentate gyrus (hippocampus), olfactory system
meninges order
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
subdural space composition
vessels
subarachnoid space composition
contains CSF
pia mater composition
blood vessels
ependymal cells
line walls of ventricles
choroid plexus
special tissue makes CSF
sequence of CSF flow
lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventrical
hydrocephalus
blockage of CSF