What are the primary vesicles?
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
What are the secondary vesicles?
prosencephalon -> telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon -> mesencephalon
rhombencephalon -> metencephalon and mylencephalon
What is derived from the cerebral hemisphere?
telecephalon
What is derived from the thalamus and hypothalamus?
diencephalon
What is derived from the mesencephalon?
midbrain
What is derived from the mesencephalon?
pons and cerebellum
What is derived from the mylencephalon?
medulla
What type of neurones are in the CNS?
multipolar - many dendrites and one axon
Are there more glial cells or neurones in the CNS?
x10 more glial cells than neurones
What are the types of glial cells?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
What is the role of astrocytes?
maintain the blood brain barrier
act as a glue to hold the brain together as there is no connective tissue in the CNS
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
produce myelin
What is the role of microglia?
immune monitoring and antigen presenting in the CNS
What is the role of ependymal cells?
lines the ventricles
ciliated, columnar epithelium
Where are there more nerve cell bodies? White matter or gray?
gray matter
no nerve cell bodies in white matter
Where is the primary motor cortex?
precentral cortex
Where is the primary sensory cortex?
postcentral cortex
What does the posterior/dorsal route of the spinal cord transmit?
sensory information into spinal cord
What does the anterior/ventral route of the spinal cord transmit?
motor information out of the spinal cord
Where does the spinal cord terminate?
conus medullaris
What suspends the spinal cord in the canal?
denticulate ligament
What vertebral level does the cauda equina start?
L2
What does the conus medullaris continue as?
filium terminae (thin connective tissue)
What are the different arterial supplies of the spinal cord?
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
anterior and posterior radicular arteries
lumbar, intercostal and vertebral arteries
Where are the anterior and posterior venous plexus’ found?
epidural space
What ascending pathway carries fine touch and concious proprioception?
dorsal column/medial lemnicus
What ascending pathway carries pain, temperature and deep pressure?
spinothalamic tract
What descending pathway carries fine, precise movement?
corticospinal tract
What descending pathway carries movement to the head and neck?
corticobulbar tract
What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex? (outer to inner)
molecular outer layer
purkinje middle layer
granule inner layer
How does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?
peduncles
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior
posterior
flocculonodular
What does a right sided cerebellar lesion affect?
Right side of the body
What are the divisions of the cerebellum?
pontocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
What is the role of the pontocerebellum?
planning and carrying out movement
What is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?
balance
What is the role of the spinocerebellum?
postural control
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
control movement, posture and muscle tone by reducing or increasing excitory input to the cortex
What are the parts of the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus substantitia nigra putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus
Describe the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
inhibits outflow of thalamus
Describe the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?
enhances outflow of thalamus, enhancing the desired movement
What do right sided lesions of the basal ganglia affect?
left side of the body
Describe the pathway of action potentials from the organ of Corti?
in the cochlear, the stereocilia of the organ of corti stimulate action potentials to be released and sent to the cochlear nuclei in the pons
Some of these fibres cross and others do not, therefore input is kind of bilateral
Where do high frequency sounds go in the primary auditory cortex?
posterior medial part
Where do low frequency sounds go in the primary auditory cortex?
anterior lateral part
What occurs due to damage of Brocas area?
problem producing language
- primary motor cortex problem
What occurs due to damage of Wernickes area?
problem understanding language
- primary sensory cortex problem
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
temporal lobe
Where is the primary visual cortex?
occipital lobe
What is separated by the calcarine sulcus?
primary visual cortex and visual association centre
Where does the upper visual field project to?
gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus
Where does the lower visual field project to?
gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus
Where does the macula project to?
posterior pole of the cortex
What is Meyers loop?
a loop around the lateral ventricle, that carries fibres from the upper visual field
What are the two forms of eye movement?
command - jumpy
tracking movements - smooth
What side of the brain is usually dominant?
left
What are the 3 types of white matter?
association fibres
commissural fibres
projection fibres
What are association fibres?
connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere
What are commisural fibres?
connect one hemisphere to the other
What are projection fibres?
connect hemispheres to deeper structures including thalamus, corpus striatum and brain stem