Neurons, Glia, & CNS Histology Flashcards Preview

Neuroanatomy > Neurons, Glia, & CNS Histology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Neurons, Glia, & CNS Histology Deck (30)
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1
Q

Neural cell differentiation involves the actions of growth and transcription factors that up-regulate the expression of _____-_________ genes.

A

Pro-neural

2
Q

If one progenitor cell responds to pro-neural growth factor it will begin to differentiate as a neuron. Simultaneously, it will begin producing proteins that inhibit pro-neural gene expression in adjacent cells.

This process is called ______ ____________, and involves the ______ signaling pathway.

A

Lateral Inhibition

Notch

3
Q

Microglia originate from ____ ______ precursor cells.

A

Bone marrow

4
Q

Structure of a Neuron

The cell body is also called ____. It contains cellular organelles. Typical characteristics of a neural cell are: (3 answers)

A

(Soma)

Multiple mitochondria
Abundant rough ER and Golgi for producing proteins
Nissl granulation

5
Q

Structure of a Neuron

This structure (from a few up to 1.5 million)?:

Arises from a hillock
Initial segment 
Devoid of ribosomes
Multiple mitochondria,microtubules, and neurofilaments 
Do not branch proximally
Terminal arbor with terminal boutons
A

Axon

6
Q

Structure of a Neuron

This structure (?):

Usually multiple
Can branch
Neurofilaments and microtubules
May contain mitochondria

A

Dendrites

7
Q

Morphologically, Neurons can be divided into 3 classes:

A

Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

8
Q

Functionally, neurons can be divided into:

A

Motor - somatic and visceral
Sensory - somatic and visceral
Integrative - connective
Neuroendocrine- releases peptide hormones

9
Q

The process of converting sensory input into a form interpretable by the nervous system is called __________.

A

Transduction

10
Q

List examples of ‘zones’ of neurons where synapses can occur…4 possible

A

Axodendritic
Axospinous
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

11
Q

Neurons produce and transport various substances and cellular organelles throughout intraneural transport system. Name the 5 steps in transmission…

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Transport
  4. Release
  5. Reuptake/destruction
12
Q

This location on a neuron is the site of where most transcription and translation occurs: ____

A

Soma (cell body)

13
Q

Neurotransmitters and other substances are transported along ____________ of the axons in both directions:

1) ___________ transport (away from the cell body) through ________.
2) __________ transport (toward the cell) via _______.

A
Microtubules 
Anterograde 
Kinesins 
Retrograde
Dyneins 

(Video showed in class of little feet walking along carrying stuff)

14
Q

The term neuroglia (glia, “glue”) includes several cell types that are not ___________.

Cell types include (4):

A

Excitable

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependimal

15
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes are located in the ____ ______.

While Fibrous astrocytes are located in _____ ______.

A

Gray matter

White matter

16
Q

_________ are highly branched with multiple processes that give these cells their star-like appearance.

A

Astrocytes

17
Q

Astrocytes contact neuronal ________, cell bodies, _____ and ________ with their processes.

A

Dendrites
Axons
Synapses

18
Q

These cells provide structural and functional support to neurons, maintain a constant pH, lower extracellular K+, secrete growth factors and cytokines, remove glutamate from synapses, and help neuronal metabolism.

A

Astrocytes

19
Q

Astrocytes retain the ability to ___________ in the mature brain.

A

Proliferate

20
Q

When injury to the CNS results in destruction of neurons, the space created by the breakdown of debris is filled by proliferation and/or hypertrophy of astrocytes, resulting in the formation of an __________ ____.

A

Astrocytic scar

21
Q

Other astrocytes have a process that end in expansions called ___-____.

A

End-feet

22
Q

Astrocytes end-feet join together and insulate the ___ from other tissues.

A

CNS

23
Q

_____ ________ ________ - the surface of the brain and spinal cord, adjacent to the pia mater is covered with several layers of joined end-feet called the ____ ________.

A

Glial limiting membrane

Glia limitans

24
Q

Similarly, every capillary in the CNS is jacketed by a layer of end-feet that separates it from the neural tissue forming the _____-_____ _______.

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

25
Q

These small cells (?) with relatively few processes, are usually aligned in rows between axons. Their processes wrap around a portion of an axon, forming an internodal segment of myelin. They produce and maintain the myelin sheath in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

26
Q

Interruptions of myelin segments are called _____ __ _______.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

27
Q

Propagating of the action potential in the axon occurs at the nodes of Ranvier, this method, _________ __________, is faster and requires much less energy than having ionic exchanges occur continuously along the length of the axon.

A

Saltatory conduction

28
Q

These are the smallest cells of the neural tissue, also known as the macrophages (immune cells) of the CNS. Normally, these cells are in the non-activated (quiescent) state.

A

Microglia

29
Q

If a foreign antigen or cellular debris are detected, microglial cells will (activate or deactivate)?

A

Activate

30
Q

The most common brain malignancy is __________.

A

Metastasis